FIGURE 6.

Schematic summary of Gpr161 depletion in Wnt1-lineages in mouse. Midbrain dorsal neuroectoderm derived mesencephalon progenitor with Gpr161 depletion resulted in the increased cell proliferation via up-regulated Shh and Wnt signaling, thereby contributing to embryonic tectal protrusive phenotypes from E13.5. The Gpr161 depleted cranial neural crest cells derived from the mesencephalon caused severe cranial vault and facial bone defects. Both embryonic tectal protrusion and craniofacial bone defects could contribute to encephaloceles. This schematic figure was partly created with BioRender.com.