TABLE 1.
Tanimilast anti-inflammatory effects in vitro in various cell-based assays encompassing human and rodents’ cellular preparations.
| Cell/tissue | Source | Stimuli | Tanimilast effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dendritic cells | Human dendritic cells differentiated from peripheral blood monocytes (moDCs) | Chemotactic agents (CCL4, CCL21, chemerin), LPS | Decreased chemotaxis to CCL4, CCL21 and chemerin. Decreased the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6), chemokines (CXCL8, CCL3, CXCL10 and CCL19) and of Th1- and Th17-polarizing cytokines (IL-12, IL-23 and IL-1β) | Gianello et al. (2019) |
| Neutrophils | Human peripheral blood healthy subjects | fMLP/cytochalasin, influenza virus, C5a-induced chemotaxis | Inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) release, NOX2 and chemotaxis | Moretto et al. (2015) |
| Sabogal Piñeros et al. (2020) | ||||
| Eosinophils | Human peripheral blood healthy subjects | fMLP/cytochalasin | Inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) release | Moretto et al. (2015) |
| Sabogal Piñeros et al. (2020) | ||||
| Lymphocytes | BALF from mild and moderate asthmatics | T-cell activation anti CD2/3/28 beads | Inhibited IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-17 release | Southworth et al. (2019) |
| PBMC | Peripheral blood healthy subjects | LPS | Reduced TNF-α release | Moretto et al. (2015) |
| Human blood cells | Human “buffy coat” | LPS (1 μg/ml) | Inhibited LTB4 production | Stellari et al. (2019) |
| Macrophagic cell lines | Raw264.7 (mouse) NR8383 (rat) THP-1 (human) | LPS | Reduced TNF-α and NO release | Moretto et al. (2015) |
| Macrophages | Isolated from resected lung tissue of COPD patients | LPS | Reduced TNF-α release | Lea et al. (2019) |
| Lung tissue explants | Resected lung tissue of COPD patients | LPS | Reduced TNF-α release | Lea et al. (2019) |
| Precision-cut lung slices | Guinea pig | Methacholine | Inhibited methacholine-induced TGF-β release, smooth muscle-myosin increase and airways remodelling | Kistemaker et al., 2017 |
| Human bronchial epithelial cells | BEAS2B cell line | Rhinovirus RV1B | Reduced RV1B-induced upregulation of CXCL8, IL-29, IP-10, and RANTES mRNA and protein. Additive effect to fluticasone | Edwards et al. (2016) |