TABLE 2.

Anti-inflammatory effects of tanimilast in various experimental rodent models of pulmonary inflammation.

Animal model	Main endpoints	Route of tanimilast administration	Tanimilast effects	References
LPS-induced lung inflammation in rats	Neutrophilic lung inflammation	Intratracheal instillation	Inhibition of pulmonary neutrophilia, which reached a statistical significance at 0.1 mmol/kg and was maximal at 1 mmol/kg (77%) similarly to budesonide at 1 mmol/kg (77%)	Moretto et al. (2015)
LPS-induced lung inflammation in mice	NF-κB activation, neutrophilic and cytokines in BALF	Snout-only inhalation of the nebulized drug	Inhibits NF-κB activation, neutrophilic infiltration and cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1b, G-CSF, RANTES) accumulation in BALF	Stellari et al. (2019)
Tobacco smoke-induced lung inflammation in mice	Neutrophilic lung inflammation	Intranasal instillation	Inhibited neutrophil infiltration both upon prophylactic (0.15–0.45 mmol/kg per day) or interventional (0.045–0.45 mmol/kg per day) treatment	Villetti et al. (2015)
Ovalbumin-induced lung eosinophilia in the rat	Eosinophilic lung inflammation and lung function	Intratracheal instillation	Suppressed antigen-induced decline of lung functions, namely, forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume at 200 milliseconds (FEV200), (ED50 = 50.1 mmol/kg) and antigen-induced eosinophilia (ED50 = 50.03 mmol/kg)	Villetti et al. (2015)