Table 1.

TDN modifications and their applications for drug delivery

Classification	Example	Modification	Application	Ref.
Small molecule	Doxorubicin (DOX)	Mosaic	Chemotherapy	[23, 29, 30]
	Paclitaxel (PTX)	Mosaic	Chemotherapy	[31]
	Platinum drugs	Mosaic	Chemotherapy	[32]
	Camptothecin	Cantilever	Chemotherapy	[33]
	5-Fluorouracil	Vertex	Chemotherapy	[34, 35]
	Methylene blue	Mosaic	Photodynamic therapy	[36]
	Triphenylphosphine	Vertex	Mitochondrial targeting	[37]
	Folate	Cantilever	Tumor targeting	[28]
	Actinomycin D	Mosaic	Antibacterial treatment	[38]
Proteins or peptide sequence	Cetuximab	Vertex	Immunotherapy	[39]
	Cytochrome c	Capsule	Apoptosis	[27]
	Streptavidin	Capsule Vertex	Immunotherapy	[40, 41]
	D-(KLAKLAK)2	Vertex	Mitochondrial targeting	[42]
	Angiopep-2	Cantilever	Receptor binding	[43]
	Tumor-penetrating peptide	Vertex	Tumor penetrating	[44]
	KillerRed	Cantilever	Photodynamic therapy	[45]
	Nuclear localization signal (NLS)	Vertex	Nuclear targeting	[46–48]
	Melittin	Capsule	Tumor treatment	[49]
Nucleic acid sequence	AS1411	Vertex	Tumor targeting	[50, 51]
	sgc8c	Vertex	Tumor targeting	[52]
	ZY11-targeting aptamer	Vertex	Tumor targeting	[53]
	17E DNAzyme	Vertex	Gene therapy	[53]
	siRNA	Cantilever Vertex	Gene therapy	[28, 30]
	Antisense oligonucleotides	Cantilever Vertex	Gene therapy	[45, 48, 54]
	CpG	Vertex	Immunotherapy	[15]
Other	Gold nanoparticles	Capsule Vertex	Tumor treatment	[55, 56]
	Gold nanoclusters	Vertex	Bacterial detection	[38]
	Anticancer metal complex	Mosaic	Tumor treatment	[57]