Table 4.

The outcomes and postoperative details of three groups

Variables	LPPPD n = 83	LCP n = 20	LSPDP n = 41	P value
				P1	P2
Tumor size (cm)	3.8 ± 1.1	2.8 ± 0.8	3.6 ± 2.2	< 0.001	0.060
OT (min)	300.4 ± 89.7	197.5 ± 30.5	174.8 ± 46.4	< 0.001	0.027
Conversion (n, %)	1 (1.2%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	1.000	NA†
EBL (mL)	140.0 (50.0–1000.0)	50.0 (20.0–200.0)	100.0 (20.0–300.0)	< 0.001	0.039
BT (n, %)	2 (2.4%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	1.000	NA†
POHS (days)	11.0 (9.0–14.0)	14.5 (12.3–23.0)	10.0 (9.0–11.0)	< 0.001	< 0.001
CR-POPF (n, %)	3 (3.6%)	8 (40.0%)	3 (7.3%)	< 0.001	0.006
PPH (n, %)	0 (0%)	2 (10.0%)	0 (0%)	0.036	0.104
DGE (n, %)	5 (6.0%)	3 (15.0%)	1 (2.4%)	0.378	0.090
Reoperation*	0 (0%)	1 (5.0%)	0 (0%)	0.194	0.328
CL (n, %)	1 (1.2%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	1.000	NA†
Biliary fistula	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	NA†	NA†
Complications (Clavien—Dindo ≥ Grade 3)	2 (2.4%)	4 (20.0%)	0 (0%)	0.012	0.009
90-Day mortality	0 (0.0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	NA†	NA†
Follow-up
Postoperative pancreatitis	5 (6.0%)	2 (10.0%)	0 (0%)	0.889	0.104
Pancreatin treatment	33 (39.8%)	3 (15.0%)	10 (24.4%)	0.037	0.390
Insulin treatment	15 (18.1%)	0 (0%)	5 (12.2%)	0.040	0.041

Bold value indicates statistical significance (P < 0.05; P₁: LPPPD group vs. LCP group; P₂: LSPDP group vs. LCP group)

LPPPD laparoscopic pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy, LSPDP laparoscopic spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy, LCP laparoscopic central Pancreatectomy, OT operative time, EBL estimated blood loss, BT blood transfusion, POHS post-operative hospital stay, CR-POPF clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula, PPH post-pancreatectomy hemorrhage, DGE delayed gastric emptying, CL Chylous leakage

*Reoperation: only including open surgery, laparoscopic surgery and interventional surgery

^†NA: Not Applicable