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. 2021 Dec 7;18:56. doi: 10.1186/s12987-021-00291-y

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Current and future in vitro BBB models. A Examples of in vitro BBB models: transwell model, microfluidic chip/membrane model, microfluidic parallel channel models, and templated model. These models utilize different engineering strategies to mimic selected aspects of the cerebrovascular microenvironment. B Towards next-generation models: to recapitulate specific biological processes occurring along the arterio-venous axis and with specificity for brain region, age, sex, ethnicity, and disease state will require more complex models that recapitulate the local microenvironment, including the spatial organization of cells, flow, blood components, etc.