TABLE 2.
Effects of probiotics in SLE animal models.
| Probiotic strain | Model | Effects | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lactobacillus strains * | MRL/lpr, mice | • suppresses the generation of IL-6 IL-10 | Mu et al. (2017) |
| • decreases the production and renal deposition of pathogenic IgG2a | |||
| • suppresses pathogenic Th 17 cells | |||
| • increase Treg cells | |||
| • rebalances T cell subsets in the kidney | |||
| Lactobacillus | Female pristane-induced BALB/c mice | • decreases IL-6 | Mardani et al. (2018); Khorasani et al., 2019) |
| • reduces Th1–Th17 polarization | |||
| • reduces the number of Th17 cells | |||
| • decreases the expression of IL-17 mRNA and IL-17 protein levels | |||
| • decreases the level of anti-dsDNA, ANA, anti-RAP | |||
| • enhances Tregs and the expression level of FoxP3 | |||
| Lactobacillus reuteri GMNL 263 | NZB/W F1 | • decreases TLR-4, TLR-5, TLR-7, and TLR-9 | Hsu et al. (2017); Tzang et al. (2017) |
| • declines the generation of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α | |||
| • increases the differentiation of CD4+CD25 + FoxP3+ T cells | |||
| • increases the proportion of CD4+CD25 + T cells in CD4+T cells | |||
| • increases the mRNA level of Foxp3 in CD4+CD25 + T cells | |||
| Lactobacillus paracasei GMNL 32 | NZB/W F1 | • reduces the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α | Hsu et al. (2017); Hu et al. (2017); Tzang et al. (2017) |
| • down-regulates TLR-4, TLR-5, TLR-7, and TLR-9 | |||
| • increases heart weight and the ventricular wall thickness | |||
| Heat-Killed Lactobacillus reuteri GMNL-263 | NZB/W F1 | • reduces TUNEL-positive cells, Fas death receptor-related elements, and TNF-R1 | Yeh et al. (2021) |
| • increases the levels of survival protein phospho-AKT | |||
| • decreases MMP-9 and the levels of MMP-9 proteins | |||
| Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 | NZB/W F1 | • reduces the elevated T, B, Treg, and Th-1 cells in mesenteric lymph nodes | Toral et al. (2019); de la Visitación et al. (2020) |
| • decreases the plasma levels of IL-17a, IL-10, IFN-g, TNF-a, and IL-2 to normal levels | |||
| • decreases gene expression of IL-6, IL-β, THF-α, and TLR-4 in the aorta | |||
| Bacteroides fragilis ATCC 25285 | Female C57BL/6J and B6.MRL-Faslpr/J lupus-prone mice | • reduces the production of TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1 | Li et al. (2020) |
| • promotes CD1d production in B cells by Est-1 pathway | |||
| • inhibits CD86 expression to repair the immune response of B cells | |||
| • decreases the level of anti-dsDNA, total IgM, total IgG, BUN, Cre, and RBP in serum | |||
| • increases CD1d expression level |
Abbreviations: IL, interleukin; Th, T-helper; Treg, regulatory T cells; Foxp3, forkhead Box P3; ANA; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; TLR, toll-like receptor; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase, 2′-deoxyuridine, 5′-triphosphate (dUTP)-mediated nick-end labeling; MMP-9, matrix metallopeptidase 9; MCP, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; *, A mixture of 5 Lactobacillus strains (L. oris, L. rhamnosus, L. reuteri, LactobaCallus johnsonii, and L. gasseri).