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. 2021 Nov 23;12:727300. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.727300

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Copyright © 2021 Silva, Sundling, Folkesson, Fröberg, Nobrega, Canto-Gomes, Chambers, Lakshmikanth, Brodin, Bruchfeld, Nigou, Correia-Neves and Källenius

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic of the study outline. (A) PBMCs from three groups, including active TB (ATB, red), latent TB (LTB, blue) and healthy controls (HC, black) were (B) stimulated for 24 h with the the mycobacterial glycolipids LAM or PIM. Control stimulations included PPD, or phytohemagglutinin (PHA), or mock stimulation (PBS). (C) Culture supernatants were analyzed by proximity extension assay (PEA), while (D) cells were analyzed by mass cytometry. Cells were either pre-gated for cytokine-secreting cells or different cell subsets prior to dimensionality reduction and cluster analysis. *p<0.05, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001.