Table 3.
Low Exposure Analysis of Relative Risk of Cardiovascular Events per 10-μg/m3 Increase in 1-Year Average PM2.5 Exposure among 91,699 Subjects with COPD Who Have Time-Varying PM2.5 Exposure below the Current Regulation Limit of 12 μg/m3 for Entire Follow-Up
| Outcomes | Number of Events | Model 1* | Model 2† | Model 3‡ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | ||
| Any cardiovascular event§ | 9,594 | 1.99 (1.72–2.30) | 1.75 (1.51–2.01) | 1.62 (1.40–1.88) |
| Cardiovascular mortality | 5,733 | 2.33 (1.93–2.80) | 2.02 (1.68–2.43) | 1.88 (1.56–2.27) |
| AMI | 3,097 | 1.91 (1.48–2.46) | 1.64 (1.27–2.12) | 1.52 (1.17–1.96) |
| IHD mortality | 2,968 | 2.42 (1.87–3.13) | 2.02 (1.56–2.61) | 1.84 (1.42–2.39) |
| Stroke | 2,230 | 1.56 (1.16–2.10) | 1.39 (1.03–1.88) | 1.30 (0.97–1.76) |
| Cerebrovascular mortality | 536 | 1.82 (0.99–3.34) | 1.60 (0.87–2.94) | 1.52 (0.82–2.81) |
For definition of abbreviations, see Table 2.
*
Model 1: Adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and calendar year.
†
Model 2: Adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, calendar year, smoking, body mass index, baseline comorbidities, and medications.
‡
Model 3: Adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, calendar year, smoking, body mass index, baseline comorbidities, medications, neighborhood education, and Medicaid.
§
Any cardiovascular event includes AMI, stroke, or cardiovascular mortality.