Table 2.
Anti-inflammatory properties of probiotics with efficacy proven in clinical trials
| Single strain | Anti-inflammatory marker | Dose (duration) | Probiotic combination | Anti-inflammatory marker | Dose (duration) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938* | Increased CC-chemokine receptor 7 [30], increased FOXP3 mRNA levels [26] and reduced fecal calprotectin89) | 108 CFU/day (21 and 28 days) | Lactobacillus rhamnosus 19070-2 and Lactobacillus reuteri 12246* | Reduced intestinal permeability [90] | (125×106 CFU/day) (28 days) |
| Lactobacillus reuteri (American Type Culture Collection (AT CC) str ain 55730) | - | 108 CFU/day (28 days) | Bifidobacterium lactis Bb 12 and Streptococcus thermophilus* | Reduced fecal calprotectin as well as increased fecal IgA due to Bifidobacterium lactis Bb 1291) and also maintenance of mocusal barrier and reduced intestinal permeability by Streptococcus thermophilus [92] | 107 and 106 CFU/g 240 mL of solution per day (mean±SD, 210±127) |
| Lactobacillus acidophilus HA122 | - | 1×109 twice a day (28 days) | Bifidobacterium breve B632 and BR03* | reduced TNF-α levels [93] | 5 mL/108 (90 days) |
| - | - | - | Pediococcus. pentosaceus CECT 8330 and Bifidobacterium longum CECT 7894* | Increased IL-10 production [64] | 109 CFU per day (14 days) |
| - | - | - | Lactobacillus paracasei DSM 24733, Lactobacillus plantarum DSM 24730, Lactobacillus acidophilus DSM 24735, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus DSM 24734, Bifidobacterium longum DSM 24736, Bifidobacterium breve DSM 24732, Bifidobacterium infantis DSM 24737, and Streptococcus thermophilus DSM 24731* | Normalization of intestinal integrity along with the reduced mucosal secretion of TNF-alpha and IFNgamma in the animal models of Crohn's disease [94,95] | 5×109 CFU/day (21 days) |
| - | - | - | Lactobacillus rhamnosus LCS-742 and Bifidobacterium infantis M63 | - | 107 CFU (30 days) |
| - | - | - | Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Streptococcus thermophilusm, Bifidobacterium breve, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium infantis, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, and fructooligosaccharide* | Reduced TNF-α [96] | 108 CFU/day (30 days) |
CFU, colony-forming unit; SD, standard deviation; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; IL, interleukin.
*
Probiotics with anti-inflammatory effects in various inflammation models, especially in the gastrointestinal tract.