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A model for the common and distinct activities of TGF-β and BMP in C2C12 cells. Runx2 is an indirect target of the Smad signaling pathway. Induction of Runx2 is essential for the common activities of TGF-β and BMP. Ligand-specific gene expression, however, requires cooperation between Runx2 and receptor-activated Smads (R-Smad).
