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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Health Place. 2021 Feb 22;68:102529. doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2021.102529

Figure 2:

Figure 2:

Boxplots of the observed log rate of tobacco retailers, per 1000 people, by city for various sociodemographic characteristics, both (a) by city (b) and by sociodemographic characteristics and HOLC grade, centering to remove the average effect for each city (b).