Table 5.
Factors associated with nurses' knowledge regarding nonpharmacological pain management among nurses working at Amhara region Comprehensive Specialized Hospitals, Ethiopia, in 2021 (N = 775).
| Variables | Category | Knowledge | COR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adequate | Inadequate | |||||
| Age (years) | <31 | 208 | 247 | 1 | 1 | |
| >31 | 212 | 108 | 2.33 (1.73, 3.13) | 1.42 (0.95, 2.14) | 0.084 | |
|
| ||||||
| Sex | Male | 118 | 144 | 1.18 (0.89, 1.58) | 1.37 (0.95, 1.97) | 0.088 |
| Female | 232 | 211 | 1 | 1 | ||
|
| ||||||
| Monthly income (ETB) | <5358 | 123 | 219 | 1 | 1 | |
| 5358–6193 | 64 | 46 | 2.47 (1.59 3.84) | 0.78 (0.41, 1.45) | 0.433 | |
| 6193–7071 | 100 | 51 | 3.49 (2.33, 5.22) | 0.57 (0.29, 1.13) | 0.112 | |
| 7071–8017 | 85 | 28 | 5.40 (3.34, 8.74) | 1.85 (0.95, 3.58) | 0.068 | |
| >8017 | 48 | 11 | 7.76 (3.89, 15.51) | 1.08 (0.39, 2.99) | 0.870 | |
|
| ||||||
| Educational qualification | Diploma | 63 | 162 | 1 | 1 | |
| BSc | 284 | 178 | 4.10 (2.92, 5.79) | 2.86 (1.80, 4.56)∗ | <0.001 | |
| MSc | 73 | 15 | 12.51 (6.68, 23.43) | 3.51 (1.37, 8.99)∗ | 0.009 | |
|
| ||||||
| Years of experience | <1 year | 35 | 105 | 1 | 1 | |
| 1–3 years | 57 | 87 | 1.96 (1.18, 3.26) | 2.19 (1.20, 4.00)∗ | 0.010 | |
| 3–5 years | 76 | 57 | 4.00 (2.39, 6.68) | 3.99 (2.05, 7.79)∗ | <0.001 | |
| >5 years | 252 | 106 | 7.13 (4.57, 11.12) | 5.59 (2.86, 10.94)∗ | <0.001 | |
|
| ||||||
| Education on NPPM | Yes | 263 | 194 | 1.39 (1.04, 1.85) | 1.11 (0.77, 1.59) | 0.564 |
| No | 157 | 161 | 1 | 1 | ||
|
| ||||||
| Need to have education on NPPM | Yes | 321 | 257 | 1.23 (0.89, 1.70) | 1.31 (0.86, 2.02) | 0.205 |
| No | 99 | 98 | 1 | 1 | ||
|
| ||||||
| Working unit | Pediatrics | 61 | 85 | 1 | 1 | |
| Oncology | 8 | 6 | 1.86 (0.80, 7.85) | 2.08 (0.50, 8.71) | 0.312 | |
| OPD | 64 | 87 | 1.02 (0.64, 1.62) | 1.41 (0.80, 2.47) | 0.227 | |
| Emergency | 63 | 27 | 3.25 (1.86, 5.68) | 5.10 (2.57, 10.11)∗ | <0.001 | |
| OR | 38 | 38 | 1.39 (0.79, 2.43) | 1.18 (0.61, 2.29) | 0.614 | |
| Orthopedic | 26 | 12 | 3.01 (1.41, 6.44) | 5.61 (2.25, 13.96)∗ | <0.001 | |
| Recovery | 23 | 9 | 3.56 (1.54, 8.23) | 2.05 (0.76, 5.57) | 0.156 | |
| ICU | 43 | 15 | 3.99 (2.03, 7.83) | 3.06 (1.38, 6.77) | 0.006 | |
| Medical | 55 | 62 | 1.23 (0.75, 2.01) | 1.41 (0.77, 2.58) | 0.252 | |
| Surgical | 38 | 15 | 3.53 (1.78, 6.98) | 5.29 (2.32, 12.05)∗ | <0.001 | |
|
| ||||||
| Nurse-to-patient ratio | 1 : 4 | 175 | 61 | 3.17 (2.19, 4.58) | 2.33 (1.44, 3.78)∗ | 0.001 |
| 1 : 6 | 52 | 47 | 1.22 (0.77, 1.92) | 1.05 (0.60, 1.84) | 0.857 | |
| 1 : 8 | 51 | 90 | 0.62 (0.41, 0.94) | 0.38 (0.22, 0.64)∗ | <0.001 | |
| Undetermined | 142 | 157 | 1 | 1 | ||
|
| ||||||
| Presence of workload | Yes | 248 | 276 | 0.41 (0.30, 0.56) | 0.63 (0.42, 0.972) | 0.036 |
| No | 172 | 79 | 1 | 1 | ||
|
| ||||||
| Lack of evidence | Yes | 186 | 214 | 0.52 (0.39, 0.69) | 0.835 (0.57, 1.20) | 0.335 |
| No | 234 | 141 | 1 | 1 | ||
|
| ||||||
| Working hours per day | 8 hours | 252 | 179 | 2.19 (1.46, 3.28) | 2.15 (1.27, 3.62)∗ | 0.004 |
| 8–12 hours | 118 | 98 | 1.87 (1.20, 2.93) | 2.09 (1.18, 3.70)∗ | 0.011 | |
| >12 hours | 50 | 78 | 1 | 1 | ||
|
| ||||||
| Ever used NPPM? | Yes | 346 | 275 | 1.36 (0.95, 1.93) | 1.24 (0.79, 1.93) | 0.336 |
| No | 74 | 80 | 1 | 1 | ||
|
| ||||||
| On-the-job training? | Yes | 132 | 88 | 1.391 (1.01, 1.90) | 0.98 (0.64, 1.49) | 0.945 |
| No | 288 | 267 | 1 | 1 | ||
Note . Statistical significance: ∗p value <0.05.