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. 2021 Dec 7;11:23517. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-02776-0

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Weekly deviations between observed NO₂ concentrations and counterfactual predictions (e.g., absent the pandemic) for each state. The counterfactual predictions were made for 16 weeks from January 1 to April 23, 2020. The blue vertical line marks the date of the declaration of a state of emergency in each state. (b) Boxplots of the weekly deviations for the weeks before (pink) and for the weeks after (blue) the date of the declaration of a state of emergency in each state.