Table 3.

Preparing stage literature review results.

Publication	Objective	Methods	Findings	Information Type	Conclusion
Lindsay, et al. [22]	Explore the experience and attitudes of men with gout, especially those affecting outcomes w/emphasis on barriers to urate-lowering therapy.	Qualitative grounded theory interviews of 11 men with gout. Categorized by themes using NVivo.	Lack of understanding of pain severity, disease progression, disease mechanisms and causes of attacks (model of gout). Lack of knowledge about long term treatment. Perception of gout as something that must be endured.	disease progression, pathophysiology	Patients need a "pathophysiologic model of gout" that aids understanding and destigmatization.
Khanna, et al. [21,26]	Identify conceptual gaps for patients that lead to poorly controlled gout.	In-depth focus groups.	"1) Patients did not have a clear understanding of the natural history of gout; 2) patients did not realize that recurrent acute flares resulted in chronic joint damage; 3) there was lack of knowledge regarding treatment options and duration of therapy for acute and chronic gout; 4) patients felt that physicians did not spend enough time explaining the progression, i.e. natural history of the disease and its long-term effects; 5) patients did not grasp the need for chronic ULT to avoid complications and disability; and 6) patients were not aware of treatment goals for hyperuricemia, as evident by adherence to their gout medications."	pathophysiology, disease progression, treatment, labs	These are the key variables that need targeted in patient education resources.
Zhang, et al. [17]	Design and test a survey to evaluate patient gout-related knowledge and identify targets for patient education.	Survey of gout knowledge in 3 hospitals.	Most patients know about too much uric acid in the blood but are unaware of actual crystals in joints. Poor knowledge of optimum SUA levels and duration of use for SUA lowering drugs.	pathophysiology, disease progression, treatment, labs	Need to design more effective educational materials similar to those for diabetes.
Spencer, et al. [23]	Explore patient and provider perceptions of gout to improve management practices.	Semi-structured interviews of gout patients between age 30 and 100 analyzed using a grounded theory approach.	Patients do not understand that crystals continue to accumulate while symptom free. Unaware of existence of allopurinol which can prevent gout attacks.	disease progression, treatment, pathophysiology	"universal lack of knowledge and understanding about the cause and consequence of gout and the importance of making adequate lifestyle changes and adherence to lifelong ULT"
Perez-Ruiz [16]	Review practices for long-term gout management w/emphasis on MSU crystals in pathogenesis and treating to target SUA level.	No explicit methodology.	Explain to patients that mobilization flares are 'price to pay' for cure and risk can by reduced through prophylactic therapy	pathophysiology, treatment	Patients need to understand the importance of therapy adherence to obtain sUA targets and eradicate crystals.
Harrold, et al. [24]	Explore patient and provider views of ULDs for gout management.	Qualitative in-depth phone interviews of gout patients	Lack of details about what causes gout. Perception of gout as condition that must be adapted to rather than one that can be controlled through lifestyle and medication.	pathophysiology, treatment	Patients want more information and more time from providers.
Chandratre, et al. [19]	Explore patient perspectives on how gout impacts HRQOL.	Thematic analysis of focus group interviews about HRQOL.	Confusion concerning role of diet in cause and treatment, lack of 'trusted' sources of information, self-discovered sources considered overwhelming/frightening. Gout not viewed as disease.	pathophysiology, treatment	Patients concerned about quality of Internet sources found and desire more information from healthcare providers.