Table 2.
The studies investigating the chronic effects of cryostimulation on the physical recovery.
| References |
Outcomes
/subjects |
WBC or PBC treatment protocol | Cryostimulation effects compare to control condition (“+”: positive effect; “-”: negative effect; “=”: no change) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Broatch et al. (2019) | Physiological and performance adaptations Recreational athletes (triathlon or cycling) 22 males |
WBC (Zimmer, Germany) 12 exposures After training −10°C, −60°C and 3 min at – 110°C |
= Maximal aerobic power = VO2 max = Time to exhaustion = Performance in the time trial = Blood markers (adrenaline, noradrenaline, cortisol) = Sleep quality (time in bed, sleep duration, sleep latency sleep efficiency …) |
| Jaworska et al. (2021) | Growth factors concentrations, amino acids profile and motor abilities in professional judokas | WBC (Zimmer, Germany) 10 exposures – One a day 2 h after training 30 s at −60°C and 3 min at −110°C |
+ Circulating levels of two growth factors (BDNF and IGF-1) + Amino acid profile + Specific judo abilities + Muscle function |
| Jaworska et al. (2020) | Resistance training supported by cryostimulation Untrained students 17 females 13 males |
WBC (Unknown model) 12 exposures during 4 weeks of resistance training 30 s at – 60°C and 3 min at −110°C |
+ Isokinetic muscle strength + Pedal force + Myoglobin concentration in blood + Blood marker concentration (myostatin, IL-15) + Muscle pain |
| Jaworska et al. (2018) | Specific training supported by cryostimulation University volleyball players 10 females 10 males |
WBC (Unknown model) 10 exposures during 2 weeks of specific volleyball training 30 s at −60°C and 3 min at −110°C |
+ Limitation of physical performance decrease + Concentration of growth factors (BDNF, IGF1) in blood |
| Klimek et al. (2010) | Aerobic capacity and maximal anaerobic power Students of physical education 15 females 15 males |
WBC (Unknown model) 10 exposures −60°C and 3 min at −110°C |
= Aerobic capacity + Maximal anaerobic power |
| Le Meur et al. (2017) | Maximal incremental running test 16 triathletes in functional overreaching |
WBC Zimmer 7 exposures on 7 days during 1 week of tapering |
+ Performance in maximal incremental test = Change in perceived fatigue with CONT |
| Lubkowska and Szygula (2010) | Aerobic capacity 25 healthy males |
WBC (Unknown model) 15 exposures 30 s at −60°C and 3 min at −130°C |
= VO2max - Red Blood Cell concentration in blood - Hemoglobin concentration |
WBC, whole-body cryotherapy; PBC, partial-body cryotherapy; DALDA, The Daily Analysis of Life Demands for Athletes; DOMS, delayed onset of muscle soreness; CMJ, countermovement jump; MVIC, maximal voluntary isometric contraction; RFD, rate of force development; HR, heart rate; HRV, heart rate variability; RMSSD, root mean square standard deviation; SDNN, standard deviation of the NN (R–R) intervals; HF, high-frequency power; LF, Low-frequency power; VO2, Oxygen consumption; VO2 max, Maximal oxygen consumption; CK, creatine kinase; IL-6, interleukin 6; IL-15, interleukin 15; CRP, C reactive protein; TNF- α, tumor necrosis factor-α; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; IGF1, insulin-like growth factor.