Table 4.

Studies demonstrating the efficacy of antimicrobial coatings based on chitosans associated with polymers.

CS-based coatings	Material	Medical application	Species	Major conclusions	Reference
Low molecular weight chitosan hydrogel	Polystyrene plates Polyurethane cathetersa,b	Central venous catheters	C. albicansf C. parapsilosisf C. glabrataf C. tropicalisf C. guilliermondiif	In vivostudies: Catheter segments soaked with low MW CS-hydrogel significantly impaired the biofilm metabolic activity of C. parapsilosis (95.7% ± 3.3). In vitrostudies: The highest CS-tested concentration (1 × 104 mg/L) caused the biofilm biomass and metabolic activity reductions of all Candida spp. up to 99% compared to non-treated biofilms.	(Silva-Dias et al., 2014) d
Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid	n.d.b	Medical prosthetic devices	S. aureusg	Biofilms formed on CS-nanocoated surfaces contain at least 2-fold less viable cells compared to uncoated surfaces.	(Iordache et al., 2015)
Hyaloronic acid (HA)	Polyethylene cathetersa,b	Central venous catheters	C. albicansf	In vitrostudies: Biofilms formed on CS-HA-coated catheters reduced their metabolic activity (80%) compared to control. In vivostudies: Biofilms formed on CS-HA-coated catheters were less robust than those observed on bare catheters.	(Tan et al., 2016c) e
	Modified titanium surfacesb,c	Medical implants	S. aureusg	Bacteria adhered to CS-HA surface lost their viability by 72%.	(Valverde et al., 2019) d
Alginate (anionic polysaccharide)	Silicone	Central venous catheters	S. aureusg	CS-based coating fully inhibited bacterial growth.	(Mendoza et al., 2018) d

n.d., not described.

^ain vivo study.

^bin vitro study.

^cstudy performed under hydrodynamic conditions.

^ddip coating.

^enon-immobilized CS.

^fCandida sp.

^gStaphylococcus sp.