Table 2.
Association between dairy product intake and mortality.
| Intake categories | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | P-trend | ||
| Non-fermented milk | Intake | 0–200 | 200–400 | 400–600 | 600–800 | 800-−1,000 | >1,000 | ||
| N/deaths | 11,655/2,853 | 8,011/2221 | 4,155/1,277 | 1,482/484 | 495/161 | 392/160 | |||
| PY/deaths per 1,000 PY | 22,0034/13.0 | 149,717/14.8 | 76,601/16.7 | 26,864/18.0 | 9,057/17.8 | 6,716/23.8 | |||
| HR (basic model) | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.97–1.09) | 1.11 (1.04–1.19) | 1.22 (1.10–1.34) | 1.26 (1.07–1.48) | 1.78 (1.52–2.09) | <0.001 | ||
| HR (full model) | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.94–1.05) | 1.05 (0.98–1.12) | 1.08 (0.98–1.20) | 1.09 (0.93–1.29) | 1.34 (1.14–1.59) | 0.002 | ||
| HR (energy-adjusted values) | 1.00 | 0.99 (0.94–1.05) | 1.07 (1.00–1.15) | 1.12 (1.00–1.26) | 1.18 (0.99–1.40) | 1.34 (1.09–1.66) | <0.001 | ||
| Fermented milk | Intake | 0 | 0–100 | 100–200 | 200–300 | >300 | |||
| N/deaths | 9,102/2,896 | 7,940/1,960 | 5,728/1,446 | 2,364/601 | 1,056/253 | ||||
| PY/deaths per 1,000 PY | 166,162/17.4 | 149,226/13.1 | 108,745/13.3 | 44,894/13.4 | 19,962/12.7 | ||||
| HR (basic model) | 1.00 | 0.88 (0.83–0.93) | 0.82 (0.77–0.88) | 0.82 (0.75–0.90) | 0.79 (0.69–0.89) | <0.001 | |||
| HR (full model) | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.89–1.00) | 0.93 (0.87–0.99) | 0.93 (0.85–1.02) | 0.90 (0.79–1.03) | 0.009 | |||
| HR (energy-adjusted values) | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.88–0.99) | 0.94 (0.88–1.00) | 0.95 (0.87–1.04) | 0.90 (0.79–1.03) | 0.03 | |||
| Cheese | Intake | 0–20 | 20–40 | 40–60 | 60–80 | 80–100 | >100 | ||
| N/deaths | 6,211/2,094 | 8,470/2,367 | 5,885/1,451 | 2,919/675 | 1,469/312 | 1,236/257 | |||
| PY/deaths per 1,000 PY | 112,758/18.6 | 157,667/15.0 | 111,316/13.0 | 55,428/12.2 | 28,243/11.0 | 23,578/10.9 | |||
| HR (basic model) | 1.00 | 0.88 (0.83–0.93) | 0.83 (0.78–0.89) | 0.85 (0.78–0.93) | 0.79 (0.70–0.89) | 0.82 (0.72–0.93) | <0.001 | ||
| HR (full model) | 1.00 | 0.92 (0.86–0.97) | 0.87 (0.81–0.94) | 0.89 (0.81–0.97) | 0.81 (0.72–0.92) | 0.83 (0.72–0.95) | <0.001 | ||
| HR (energy-adjusted values) | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.88–1.00) | 0.90 (0.84–0.96) | 0.90 (0.82–0.98) | 0.83 (0.73–0.95) | 0.82 (0.70–0.95) | <0.001 | ||
| Cream | Intake | 0–10 | 10–20 | 20–30 | 30–40 | 40–50 | >50 | ||
| N/deaths | 12,483/3,421 | 6,929/1,785 | 3,405/931 | 1,624/451 | 831/268 | 918/300 | |||
| PY/deaths per 1,000 PY | 232,035/14.7 | 129,572/13.8 | 63,810/14.6 | 30,701/14.7 | 15,587/17.2 | 17,285/17.4 | |||
| HR (basic model) | 1.00 | 0.89 (0.84–0.94) | 0.87 (0.81–0.94) | 0.86 (0.78–0.94) | 0.98 (0.86–1.11) | 0.95 (0.84–1.07) | 0.005 | ||
| HR (full model) | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.88–0.98) | 0.92 (0.85–0.99) | 0.89 (0.80–0.98) | 1.00 (0.88–1.14) | 0.96 (0.85–1.08) | 0.07 | ||
| HR (energy-adjusted values) | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.88–0.99) | 0.88 (0.81–0.96) | 0.97 (0.87–1.08) | 0.87 (0.74–1.01) | 1.08 (0.94–1.24) | 0.10 | ||
| Butter | Intake | 0 | 0–10 | 10–20 | 20–30 | 30–40 | 40–50 | >50 | |
| N/deaths | 14,826/4,034 | 3,671/858 | 2,185/555 | 1,780/508 | 1,349/418 | 768/220 | 1,611/563 | ||
| PY/deaths per 1,000 PY | 278,026/14.5 | 69,470/12.4 | 40,625/13.7 | 33,069/15.4 | 24,672/16.9 | 14,150/15.5 | 28,977/19.4 | ||
| HR (basic model) | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.88–1.02) | 1.03 (0.94–1.13) | 1.15 (1.05–1.26) | 1.16 (1.05–1.29) | 1.00 (0.87–1.14) | 1.21 (1.11–1.33) | <0.001 | |
| HR (full model) | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.91–1.06) | 1.00 (0.91–1.09) | 1.08 (0.98–1.18) | 1.05 (0.95–1.17) | 0.90 (0.78–1.03) | 1.04 (0.95–1.14) | 0.46 | |
| HR (energy-adjusted values) | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.88–1.04) | 1.00 (0.92–1.09) | 1.02 (0.94–1.11) | 1.12 (1.02–1.23) | 0.98 (0.86–1.10) | 0.99 (0.89–1.10) | 0.39 | |
Basic model was adjusted for age, sex; Full model was adjusted for age, sex, method, season, energy, BMI, education, physical activity, smoking, alcohol habits, and diet (fruit and vegetables, meat, fiber, sugar-sweetened beverages). The individuals were categorized based on their energy-adjusted intake values (using the residual method) with standardized intakes at the median energy intake in this population (9.55 MJ). PY, person years of follow-up.