TABLE 3.

Survey measures, scale reliabilities, number of items, and example items.

Measure (and Cronbach α)	Number of items	Example item (English translations)
Writing self-efficacy (0.97)	31
Skill (0.87)	9	I can accurately use singular and plural in English writing.
Task (0.92)	9	I can write a convincing argument to express myself effectively in English.
Feedback (0.95)	13	I can find mistakes about grammar in English writing.
Writing self-regulated learning	12
Autonomous (0.75)	5	I actively participate in writing classes because it is a good way to improve my writing skills.
Controlled (0.77)	7	If I don’t actively participate in the class, others will think I am a poor student.