TABLE 1.
Characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis.
| Author, publication year, references | Country | Age (years) | Sample size | HIV risk groups | Year of sample collection | Study design (source of data) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Range | Median (IQR) or mean ± SD | ||||||
| Kim et al. (2008) | Korea | 15–75 | — | 66 | 48.5% HTS | 2002.03–2005.06 | Retrospective cohort study (historic medical records) |
| 46.9% homosexual contact | |||||||
| 4.6% Unknown | |||||||
| Castor et al. (2012) | The United States | 15–69 | — | 497 | — | 2000–2010.12 | Retrospective study (historic medical records) |
| Yanik et al. (2012) | The United States | ≥18 | — | 43 | 81% MSM | 2000–2010.9 | Retrospective cohort study (historic medical and lab records) |
| 19% Unknown | |||||||
| Dai et al. (2014) | China | — | 31.8 ± 8.7 | 266 | MSM | 2008–2011 | Prospective cohort study (medical records) |
| Ambrosioni et al. (2015) | Spain | — | 33 (28–39) | 161 | 82% MSM, 11.8% HTS, 3.1% IDUs, 3.1% unknown | 2000–2012 | Retrospective cohort study (historic medical records) |
| Ananworanich et al. (2015) | Thailand | — | 28 (24–32) | 120 | 90% MSM, 10% HTS | 2009.04.20–2013.09.13 | Prospective cohort study (clinic records) |
| Zhao et al. (2015) | China | 18–70 | — | 367 | MSM | 2012–2013 | Cross-sectional survey (crowd serologic screening) |
| Stekler et al. (2015) | The United States | — | 31 (25–41) | 82 | MSM | 2007–2013 | Retrospective cohort study (historic medical records) |
| Colby et al. (2016) | Thailand | — | 28 (23–32) | 233 | 93% MSM, 7% HTS | 2009.04.20–2014.12.31 | Prospective cohort study (HIV testing centers) |
| Panichsillapakit et al. (2016) | The United States | >18 | — | 456 | — | 2000–2013 | Retrospective cohort study (San Diego Primary Infection Cohort) |
| Rutstein et al. (2019) | Malawi | >18 | — | 45 | — | 2012.06–2014.01 | Retrospective cohort study (re-analyzing lab samples) |
| Visseaux et al. (2019) | France | — | 36 (28–45) | 1,121 | 70% MSM, 18% HTS, 12% unknown | 2014–2016 | Retrospective cohort study (re-analyzing lab samples) |
Note: MSM, men who have sex with men; HTS, heterosexuals; IDUs, injection drug users; IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation.