Table 2.

Baseline regression results of urbanization on the spread of infectious diseases.

Variables	SYS-GMM				DIFF-GMM
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)
	Morbidity	Mortality	Morbidity	Mortality	Morbidity	Mortality	Morbidity	Mortality
Population urbanization	−0.359***	−0.174***			−0.364***	−0.060**
	(−6.219)	(−2.987)			(−2.872)	(−2.013)
Land urbanization			0.081**	0.070**			0.100**	0.089**
			(2.447)	(2.530)			(2.187)	(2.049)
Population density	5.617	2.223	6.839	2.603	2.608	7.713	3.413	7.823
	(1.548)	(1.603)	(1.255)	(1.077)	(1.038)	(1.213)	(1.461)	(1.131)
Age	1.119***	1.539***	0.958***	1.479***	1.330***	0.242	1.341***	0.017
	(3.095)	(6.776)	(3.416)	(6.268)	(4.208)	(0.965)	(4.121)	(0.062)
rgdp	−0.020	0.020	−0.064	0.007	0.021	0.199***	−0.009	0.213***
	(−0.741)	(1.362)	(−0.536)	(0.451)	(0.583)	(3.531)	(−0.344)	(3.839)
Expend	−0.504	−2.063***	0.179	−2.110***	−1.898***	−1.282***	−1.646***	−1.367***
	(−1.072)	(−6.220)	(0.556)	(−6.583)	(−3.291)	(−3.867)	(−3.115)	(−4.215)
Medical	0.043	−0.057***	0.018	−0.075***	−0.034	0.050	−0.083**	0.064
	(1.035)	(−2.850)	(0.553)	(−3.898)	(−0.820)	(1.284)	(−2.170)	(0.732)
Air	−0.026**	−0.005	−0.031**	−0.016	0.014	0.004	0.016	0.008
	(−2.072)	(−0.431)	(−2.346)	(−1.213)	(0.875)	(0.274)	(0.960)	(0.494)
L.disease	0.683***	0.776***	0.653***	0.797***	0.552***	0.287***	0.518***	0.314***
	(27.481)	(59.622)	(21.355)	(48.795)	(10.064)	(3.863)	(8.790)	(4.141)
AR_1	0.0069	0.0007	0.0065	0.0006	0.0092	0.0696	0.0081	0.0479
AR_2	0.6825	0.7024	0.5544	0.7616	0.8279	0.5552	0.7203	0.4926
Sargan text	0.4797	0.4137	0.4581	0.4475	0.459	0.4177	0.4278	0.433
Observations	527	527	527	527	527	527	527	527

***, **, *The significance level of 1, 5 and 10%, respectively. The numbers with asterisks in the corresponding rows of all variables in the table represent the estimation coefficients, and the values in the parentheses are the corresponding T statistical values, and the P values of AR_1, AR_2, and Sargan test are provided respectively.