Table 2.
Characteristics of included study (n = 10).
| References | Study design and location | Study participants | Sample size (pre/post) | Intervention (frequency) | Control | Duration | Relevant outcome (measurements) | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lee et al. (2009) | RCT, Republic of Korea | Adolescent (mean age: 13.3 ± 0.1) | EG: 21/21 CG: 27/27 |
Qigong (Turo Qi training, 40 min/session, twice each week) | Placebo with similar Qigong movement | 2 months | (1) Depression & Anxiety (SCL-90-R) | (1) Depression: p = 0.06(2) Anxiety: p = 0.06 |
| Terjestam et al. (2010) | NRS, Sweden | Adolescent (mean age: 13.15) | EG: 85/53 CG: 71/66 |
Qigong (25 min/session, twice a week) | Wait list | 8 weeks | (1) Well-being at school scale (WBS) (2) Psychologic distress scale (3) Self-image test (4) General stress test | (1) p < 0.05(2) p < 0.05(3) p = 0.078(4) p < 0.05 |
| Sousa et al. (2012) | NRS, Portugal | Adolescent (mean age: 11.75 ± 0.55) | EG: 8/8 CG: 8/8 |
Qigong (every day during 7 weeks, including doing at home on weekend for 30 min from parents) | Wait list | 7 weeks | (1) Anxiety Depression and Stress (EADS-C) (2) Salivary Cortisol | (1) p = 0.291(2) p = 0.606 |
| Bao (2013) | NRS, China | Adolescent | EG1: 103/103 EG2: 92/92 CG: 57/57 |
EG1: Tai Chi (24-form, 60 min/session, five times per week)EG2: Tai Chi (24-form, 30 min/session, five times per week) | Wait list | 1 year | (1) Anxiety (STAI) | (1) EG1: p = 0.004 EG2: p = 0.003 |
| Chang et al. (2013) | RCT, Taiwan | Adolescent (7th grade students) | EG: 34/34 CG: 33/33 |
Qigong (60 min/session, once a week) | Wait list | 8 weeks | (1) Self-esteem (RSE) (2) Humor (CHS) (3) Mood (FS) (4) Salivary Cortisol |
(1) p = 0.74 (2) p = 0.01 (3) p = 0.04 (4) p = 0.058 |
| Lee et al. (2013) | NRS, Hongkong, China | Adolescent (mean age: 13.4; 11–16) | EG: 32/32 CG: 37/37 |
Tai Chi (Chen-style, 80 min/session, once per week) | Wait list | 10 weeks | (1) Stress (PSS-10) | (1) p = 0.726 |
| Bao and Jin (2015) | RCT, China | Adolescent (mean age: 14.4 ± 0.66) | EG: 80/73 CG: 80/69 |
Tai Chi (60 min/session, five times per week) including the summer and winter holidays | Broadcasting gymnastics | 1 year | (1) Self-concept (PHCSCS) | (1) Self-concept: p < 0.001(2) Anxiety: p < 0.01 |
| Bao and Jin (2015) | NRS, China | Adolescent (mean age: 12.55 ± 0.729) | EG: 239/239 CG: 73/73 |
Tai Chi (24-form, 30 min/session, five times per week) | Wait list | 1 year | (1) Mental health (MSSMHS) | (1) Depression: p = 0.000(2) Anxiety: p = 0.000 |
| Chen and Zheng (2018) | NRS, China | Adolescent (middle school students) | EG (Boys): 25/25 EG (Girls): 25/25 CG (Boys): 25/25 CG (Girls): 25/25 | Qigong (Baduanjin, 60 min/session, three times per week) | Wait list | 4 months | (1) Mood (POMS) | (1) Boys: p = NS Girls: p = NS |
| Zhang et al. (2018) | RCT, China | University student (mean age: 18.4 ± 2.01) | EG: 32/32 CG: 32/30 |
Tai Chi (24-form, 90 min/ session, twice a week) | Normal PE classes | 8 weeks | (1) Depression (PHQ-9) (2) Mindful Attention and Awareness (MAAS) (3) Stress (CPSS) | (1) p < 0.001(2) p < 0.001(3) p < 0.001 |
RCT, Randomized Controlled Trial; NRS, Non-randomized comparison studies; EG, Experiment Group; CG, Control Group; PE, Physical Education; SCL-90-R, Self-reported Checklist of 90 items (Physical or Psychological symptom); WBS, Well-being at school; EADS-C, Anxiety Scale, Depression and Stress for Children; STAI, State Trait Anxiety Inventory; RSE, Self-Esteem Scale; CHS, Chinese Humor Scale; FS, Face Scale; PSS-10, Perceived Stress Scale 10-item; PHCSCS, Piers–Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale; MSSMHS, Middle School Students' Mental Health Scale; POMS, Profile of Mood States; PHQ-9, Nine-item patient health questionnaire depression scale; MAAS, Mindful Attention and Awareness Scale; CPSS, Chinese version of the Perceived Stress Scale; NS, Not Significant.