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. 2021 Nov 24;13:705594. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.705594

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Copyright © 2021 Zhan, Hakoupian, Jin and Sharp.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Immunostained LPS vesicles in the PVWM of AD and aging control brains. (A) LPS was identified in the vesicles in control PVWM using an antibody against LPS and staining with alkaline phosphatase and Vector® Blue Substrate Kit (A1) or horseradish peroxidase and Vector VIP Substrate Kit (A2). (B) LPS was identified in the vesicles in AD PVWM using an antibody against LPS and staining with alkaline phosphatase and Vector Blue Substrate Kit (B1) or horseradish peroxidase and Vector VIP Substrate Kit (B2). (C) Quantitative analysis showed more LPS⁺ vesicles in AD (44.8 ± 6.5, n = 12) PVWM compared to control PVWM (20.1 ± 6.7, n = 9, p = 0.0085). Note: LPS, lipopolysaccharide; V, ventricle; PVWM, periventricular white matter; AD, Alzheimer's disease; Bar = 100 μm.