Table 2.
Statistical parameters relating to changes in sleep, training, and nutrition-related and health-related behaviors in response to lockdown
| Variable | Lockdown | t | N | P-value | d | MD | 95% CI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre | During | |||||||
| PSQI score (au) | 4.33 ± 2.49 | 5.85 ± 3.16 | 31.41 | 3911 | < 0.001 | 0.73 | 1.51 | 1.42–1.61 |
| ISI score (au) | 4.86 ± 4.73 | 7.2 ± 6.41 | 27.46 | 3911 | < 0.001 | 0.58 | 2.33 | 2.17–2.51 |
| Bedtime (hh:mm) | 23:24 ± 1:37 | 00:39 ± 2:08 | 46.28 | 3911 | < 0.001 | 1.11 | 1:15 | 72–81 |
| Wake-up time (hh:mm) | 7:15 ± 1:38 | 9:45 ± 2:27 | 65.98 | 3911 | < 0.001 | 1.71 | 2:30 | 145–154 |
| Total sleep time (min) | 444 ± 69 | 492 ± 87 | 35.09 | 3911 | < 0.001 | 0.86 | 48 | 45–50 |
| Time in bed (min) | 498 ± 89 | 588 ± 110 | 50.85 | 3911 | < 0.001 | 0.89 | 90 | 86–93 |
| Sleep efficiency (%) | 90.24 ± 12.9 | 84.98 ± 22.1 | 13.78 | 3911 | < 0.001 | 0.41 | − 5.28 | 4.53–6.03 |
| Sleep-onset latency (min) | 21.1 ± 16.33 | 35.5 ± 29.51 | 34.81 | 3911 | < 0.001 | 0.86 | 14 | 13–15 |
| Nap frequency (N° · week−1) | 1.72 ± 1.64 | 2.1 ± 1.78 | 12.31 | 3560 | < 0.001 | 0.31 | 0.41 | 0.35–0.48 |
| Nap duration (min) | 14.21 ± 20.6 | 21.1 ± 25.46 | 16.31 | 3911 | < 0.001 | 0.41 | 7 | 6–7 |
| Nap timing (hh: mm) | 14:33 ± 1:54 | 14:46 ± 1:59 | 5.92 | 2542 | < 0.001 | 0.16 | 0:11 | 7–14 |
| 24-h sleep duration (min) | 459 ± 72 | 514 ± 92 | 37.94 | 3911 | < 0.001 | 0.93 | 55 | 52–57 |
| Preferred training TOD (hh: mm) | 14:20 ± 4:33 | 14:45 ± 5:51 | 4.55 | 3911 | < 0.001 | 0.11 | 0:20 | 11–29 |
| Training sessions (N° · week−1) | 3.34 ± 2.32 | 4.96 ± 2.32 | 41.19 | 3903 | < 0.001 | 1.01 | − 1.41 | 1.34–1.48 |
| Body mass (kg) | 67.7 ± 14.62 | 68.76 ± 16.3 | 6.33 | 3908 | < 0.001 | 0.08 | 1.14 | 0.69–1.49 |
| Meals (N° · day−1) | 3.06 ± 1.23 | 3.09 ± 1.35 | 2.46 | 3911 | < 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.01–0.09 |
| Eat after midnight (au) | 0.6 ± 1.57 | 1.06 ± 1.33 | 18.95 | 3668 | < 0.001 | 0.44 | 0.46 | 0.41–0.51 |
| Caffeinated beverages (N° · day−1) | 1.45 ± 1.6 | 1.54 ± 1.66 | 4.86 | 3694 | < 0.001 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.06–0.14 |
| Alcoholic beverages (N° · day−1) | 0.38 ± 1.01 | 0.45 ± 1.19 | 4.31 | 3705 | < 0.001 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.03–0.09 |
| Cigarettes smoked (N° · day−1) | 1.02 ± 3.89 | 1.14 ± 4.35 | 2.26 | 3698 | < 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.01–0.18 |
Dependent t-tests were used to compare variables measured pre- and during lockdown
au arbitrary unit, CI confidence interval, d Cohen’s effect size, h hour, ISI Insomnia Severity Index, MD mean difference, min minutes, N° number, PSQI Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, TOD time of day