Table II.

Changes in cutaneous barrier function and local skin immunity associated with aging.

Skin function	Associated change
Inflammation	↑ Senescent cells
	↑ Cytokines of inflammaging
	↑ MMP production (with ECM degradation)
Phagocytosis	↓ TNF production
	↓ LC number
	↓ LC migration
T cell function	↓ Response to antigens
	↑ FOXP3 regulatory T cells (inhibit antigen-specific immunity)
	↑ Inhibitory receptors
Stromal support	↓ ECM production by fibroblasts
	↓ Ability of fibroblasts to differentiate
	↓ Dermal white adipose tissue

ECM, extracellular matrix; FOXP3, forkhead box P3; LC, Langerhans cell;↑, increase; ↓, decrease.