TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of the population included, by cancer status
| Total population | Without cancer | With cancer | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | ≥5 years a | 1‐5 years a | <1 year a | |||
| n | 4 618 377 | 4 357 710 | 260 667 | 167 053 | 72 033 | 21 581 |
| Age (median [IQR]) | 48 [36.0, 63.0] | 47 [35.0, 61.0] | 70 [59.0, 78.0] | 71 [61.0, 79.0] | 67 [57.0, 76.0] | 66 [56.0, 76.0] |
| Age categories (%) | ||||||
| 18‐39 | 1 437 236 (31.1) | 1 427 705 (32.8) | 9531 (3.7) | 5555 (3.3) | 2974 (4.1) | 1002 (4.6) |
| 40‐59 | 1 785 495 (38.7) | 1 727 443 (39.6) | 58 052 (22.3) | 32 909 (19.7) | 19 019 (26.4) | 6124 (28.4) |
| 60‐69 | 615 198 (13.3) | 553 838 (12.7) | 61 360 (23.5) | 36 999 (22.1) | 18 786 (26.1) | 5575 (25.8) |
| 70‐79 | 468 286 (10.1) | 393 504 (9.0) | 74 782 (28.7) | 50 205 (30.1) | 19 197 (26.7) | 5380 (24.9) |
| 80 or older | 312 162 (6.8) | 255 220 (5.9) | 56 942 (21.8) | 41 385 (24.8) | 12 057 (16.7) | 3500 (16.2) |
| Sex, female (%) | 2 361 230 (51.1) | 2 226 424 (51.1) | 134 806 (51.7) | 89 473 (53.6) | 35 060 (48.7) | 10 273 (47.6) |
| MEDEA deprivation index (%) | ||||||
| Quintile 1 (least deprived) | 714 183 (15.5) | 668 548 (15.3) | 45 635 (17.5) | 29 662 (17.8) | 12 392 (17.2) | 3581 (16.6) |
| Quintile 2 | 703 921 (15.2) | 662 113 (15.2) | 41 808 (16.0) | 26 971 (16.1) | 11 534 (16.0) | 3303 (15.3) |
| Quintile 3 | 697 074 (15.1) | 656 859 (15.1) | 40 215 (15.4) | 25 893 (15.5) | 11 114 (15.4) | 3208 (14.9) |
| Quintile 4 | 692 844 (15.0) | 654 775 (15.0) | 38 069 (14.6) | 24 488 (14.7) | 10 445 (14.5) | 3136 (14.5) |
| Quintile 5 (most deprived) | 687 062 (14.9) | 653 878 (15.0) | 33 184 (12.7) | 21 149 (12.7) | 9168 (12.7) | 2867 (13.3) |
| Rural | 832 256 (18.0) | 785 356 (18.0) | 46 900 (18.0) | 29 744 (17.8) | 13 073 (18.1) | 4083 (18.9) |
| Missing | 291 037 (6.3) | 276 181 (6.3) | 14 856 (5.7) | 9146 (5.5) | 4307 (6.0) | 1403 (6.5) |
| Smoking status (%) | ||||||
| Never smoker | 1 834 657 (39.7) | 1 736 604 (39.9) | 98 053 (37.6) | 64 646 (38.7) | 25 891 (35.9) | 7516 (34.8) |
| Former smoker | 772 875 (16.7) | 695 636 (16.0) | 77 239 (29.6) | 48 635 (29.1) | 22 576 (31.3) | 6028 (27.9) |
| Current smoker | 712 739 (15.4) | 686 159 (15.7) | 26 580 (10.2) | 15 702 (9.4) | 7901 (11.0) | 2977 (13.8) |
| Missing | 1 298 106 (28.1) | 1 239 311 (28.4) | 58 795 (22.6) | 38 070 (22.8) | 15 665 (21.7) | 5060 (23.4) |
| Comorbidities (%) | ||||||
| Autoimmune condition | 259 234 (5.6) | 235 347 (5.4) | 23 887 (9.2) | 15 474 (9.3) | 6526 (9.1) | 1887 (8.7) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 201 258 (4.4) | 165 751 (3.8) | 35 507 (13.6) | 24 922 (14.9) | 8339 (11.6) | 2246 (10.4) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 119 532 (2.6) | 98 365 (2.3) | 21 167 (8.1) | 13 281 (8.0) | 6001 (8.3) | 1885 (8.7) |
| Dementia | 42 504 (0.9) | 36 026 (0.8) | 6478 (2.5) | 4817 (2.9) | 1328 (1.8) | 333 (1.5) |
| Heart disease | 516 140 (11.2) | 444 733 (10.2) | 71 407 (27.4) | 47 851 (28.6) | 18 145 (25.2) | 5411 (25.1) |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 505 102 (10.9) | 458 565 (10.5) | 46 537 (17.9) | 30 173 (18.1) | 12 785 (17.7) | 3579 (16.6) |
| Hypertension | 687 358 (14.9) | 610 694 (14.0) | 76 664 (29.4) | 49 254 (29.5) | 21 195 (29.4) | 6215 (28.8) |
| Obesity | 1 144 442 (24.8) | 1 045 689 (24.0) | 98 753 (37.9) | 64 148 (38.4) | 26 800 (37.2) | 7805 (36.2) |
| Type‐2 diabetes | 317 005 (6.9) | 275 132 (6.3) | 41 873 (16.1) | 26 913 (16.1) | 11 560 (16.0) | 3400 (15.8) |
| Age at cancer diagnosis, median [IQR] | — | — | 61 [50.3, 70.2] | 59 [48.1, 67.9] | 65 [54.3, 73.6] | 66 [55.5, 75.5] |
| Cancer type [ICD‐10‐CM code] (%) | ||||||
| Haematological | 21 637 (0.5) | 21 637 (8.3) | 13 657 (8.2) | 6148 (8.5) | 1832 (8.5) | |
| Leukaemia [C91‐C95] | 7402 (0.2) | — | 7402 (2.8) | 4744 (2.8) | 2051 (2.8) | 607 (2.8) |
| Non‐Hodgkin lymphoma [C82‐C96] | 5111 (0.1) | — | 5111 (2.0) | 3776 (2.3) | 1031 (1.4) | 304 (1.4) |
| Hodgkin's lymphoma [C81] | 2724 (0.1) | — | 2724 (1.0) | 2133 (1.3) | 466 (0.6) | 125 (0.6) |
| Multiple myeloma [C90] | 2249 (0.0) | — | 2249 (0.9) | 1031 (0.6) | 916 (1.3) | 302 (1.4) |
| Other haematological [C96] | 4151 (0.1) | — | 4151 (1.6) | 1973 (1.2) | 1684 (2.3) | 494 (2.3) |
| Solid | 239 030 (5.2) | — | 239 030 (91.7) | 153 396 (91.8) | 65 885 (91.5) | 19 749 (91.5) |
| Breast [C50] | 58 611 (1.3) | — | 58 611 (22.5) | 40 074 (24.0) | 14 725 (20.4) | 3812 (17.7) |
| Prostate [C61] | 37 141 (0.8) | — | 37 141 (14.2) | 24 400 (14.6) | 10 165 (14.1) | 2576 (11.9) |
| Colorectal [C18‐C21] | 36 071 (0.8) | — | 36 071 (13.8) | 21 669 (13.0) | 11 415 (15.8) | 2987 (13.8) |
| Bladder [C67] | 20 592 (0.4) | — | 20 592 (7.9) | 12 509 (7.5) | 6293 (8.7) | 1790 (8.3) |
| Skin melanoma [C43] | 12 956 (0.3) | — | 12 956 (5.0) | 8490 (5.1) | 3422 (4.8) | 1044 (4.8) |
| Kidney [C64] | 7911 (0.2) | — | 7911 (3.0) | 4522 (2.7) | 2630 (3.7) | 759 (3.5) |
| Lung [C33‐C34] | 7569 (0.2) | — | 7569 (2.9) | 3080 (1.8) | 2948 (4.1) | 1541 (7.1) |
| Corpus uterus [C54‐C55] | 7353 (0.2) | — | 7353 (2.8) | 4983 (3.0) | 1855 (2.6) | 515 (2.4) |
| Thyroid [C73] | 6449 (0.1) | — | 6449 (2.5) | 4579 (2.7) | 1500 (2.1) | 370 (1.7) |
| Head and neck [C00‐C14] | 5770 (0.1) | — | 5770 (2.2) | 4042 (2.4) | 1323 (1.8) | 405 (1.9) |
| Cervix [C53] | 3979 (0.1) | — | 3979 (1.5) | 3035 (1.8) | 755 (1.0) | 189 (0.9) |
| Ovary [C56] | 3889 (0.1) | — | 3889 (1.5) | 2523 (1.5) | 997 (1.4) | 369 (1.7) |
| Stomach [C16] | 3628 (0.1) | — | 3628 (1.4) | 2210 (1.3) | 995 (1.4) | 423 (2.0) |
| Larynx [C32] | 3317 (0.1) | — | 3317 (1.3) | 2161 (1.3) | 874 (1.2) | 282 (1.3) |
| Brain and central nervous system [C70‐C72, C75.1‐C75.3] | 3313 (0.1) | — | 3313 (1.3) | 2216 (1.3) | 750 (1.0) | 347 (1.6) |
| Testis [C62] | 2763 (0.1) | — | 2763 (1.1) | 2073 (1.2) | 562 (0.8) | 128 (0.6) |
| Liver [C22] | 2051 (0.0) | — | 2051 (0.8) | 852 (0.5) | 818 (1.1) | 381 (1.8) |
| Bone and cartilage [C40‐C41] | 1944 (0.0) | — | 1944 (0.7) | 1458 (0.9) | 371 (0.5) | 115 (0.5) |
| Pancreas [C25] | 1622 (0.0) | — | 1622 (0.6) | 568 (0.3) | 592 (0.8) | 462 (2.1) |
| Oesophagus [C15] | 763 (0.0) | — | 763 (0.3) | 349 (0.2) | 270 (0.4) | 144 (0.7) |
| Gallbladder [C23‐C24] | 479 (0.0) | — | 479 (0.2) | 214 (0.1) | 181 (0.3) | 84 (0.4) |
| Other solid | 10 859 (0.2) | — | 10 859 (4.2) | 7389 (4.4) | 2444 (3.4) | 1026 (4.8) |
Note: — means not applicable. The MEDEA deprivation index is calculated at the census tract level in urban areas. Other solid cancers include other solid cancers, cancers of unspecified site [C76, C80] and more than one cancer (ie, patients that had more than one cancer recorded on the same date).
Abbreviations: ICD‐10‐CM, International Classification for Diseases, 10th revision Clinical Modification; IQR, interquartile range.
a
Years since cancer diagnosis to the index date (1 March 2020).