Table 1.
Selected studies
| Atalla et al. 11 | Jeon et al. 12 | Parra et al. 13 , † | Rokadiya et al. 15 | Uyaroğlu et al. 16 | Somani et al. 14 | Total, n (%, 95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Location | Rhode Island, USA | South Korea | Madrid, Spain | London, UK | Ankara, Turkey | New York, USA | — |
| Newcastle Ottawa Scale‡ | Fair | Good | Good | Fair | Good | Fair | — |
| Sample size | |||||||
| Nil readmission | 320 | 7262 | 61† | 391 | 143 | 2761 | 12021§ |
| Readmission | 19 | 328 | 61 | 25 | 11 | 103¶ | 547 |
| Readmission rate (%) | 5.6 | 4.3 | 5.1 | 6.0 | 7.1% | 3.6 | 4.4 |
| Age, median (IQR) (years) | |||||||
| Nil readmission | 61 (49–74) | NR | 66 (57–76) | 59 (48–76) | 44 (NR) | 65.9 (54.5–77.0) | — |
| Readmission | 58 (44–69) | NR | 67 (59–76) | 73 (58–82) | 49 (NR) | 66.1 (53.7–75.1) | — |
| Age, derived mean (SD) (years) | |||||||
| Nil readmission | 61.3 (18.6) | NR | 66.3 (14.4) | 61.0 (20.8) | NR | 65.8 (16.9) | 65.2 (16.4) |
| Readmission | 57.0 (20.0) | NR | 67.3 (12.9) | 71.0 (18.9) | NR | 65.0 (16.1) | 65.7 (16.2) |
| Male, n (%) | |||||||
| Nil readmission | 179 (55.9) | 2925 (40.3) | 45 (73.8) | NR | 71 (49.7) | 1598 (57.9) | 4818/10547 (45.7, 44.7–46.6) |
| Readmission | 12 (63.2) | 170 (51.8) | 45 (73.8) | 15 (60.0) | 6 (54.5) | 65 (63.1) | 313/547 (57.2, 53.0–61.4) |
| Congestive heart failure, n (%) | |||||||
| Nil readmission | 30 (9.4) | 44 (0.6) | NR | NR | 7 (4.9) | NR | 240/10486 (2.3, 2.0–2.6) |
| Readmission | 2 (10.5) | 3 (0.9) | NR | NR | 0 (0.0) | NR | 13/461 (2.8, 1.5–4.8) |
| Ischaemic heart disease, n (%) | |||||||
| Nil readmission | NR | 143 (2.0) | 12 (19.7) | NR | NR | 220 (8.0) | 375/10084 (3.7, 3.4–4.1) |
| Readmission | NR | 7 (2.1) | 16 (26.2) | NR | NR | 12 (11.7) | 35/492 (7.1, 5.0–9.8) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | |||||||
| Nil readmission | 141 (44.1) | 890 (12.3) | 24 (39.3) | NR | 20 (14.0) | 610 (22.1) | 1685/10547 (16.0, 15.3–16.7) |
| Readmission | 13 (68.4) | 73 (22.3) | 34 (55.7) | 16 (64.0) | 5 (45.5) | 36 (35.0) | 177/547 (32.4, 28.5–36.5) |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | |||||||
| Nil readmission | 103 (32.2) | 558 (7.7) | 10 (16.4) | NR | 17 (11.9) | 420 (15.2) | 1108/10547 (10.5, 9.9–11.1) |
| Readmission | 11 (57.9) | 46 (14.0) | 14 (23.0) | 6 (24.0) | 2 (18.2) | 19 (18.4) | 98/547 (17.9, 14.8–21.4) |
| Obesity, n (%) | |||||||
| Nil readmission | 125 (39.1) | NR | 5 (8.2) | NR | NR | NR | 130/381 (34.1, 29.4–39.1) |
| Readmission | 10 (52.6) | NR | 6 (9.8) | NR | NR | NR | 16/80 (20.0, 11.9–30.4) |
| COPD/asthma, n (%) | |||||||
| Nil readmission | 41 (12.8) | 712 (9.8) | 12 (19.7) | NR | 13 (9.1) | NR | 778/7786 (10.0, 9.3–10.7) |
| Readmission | 11 (57.9) | 42 (12.8) | 12 (19.7) | NR | 0 (0.0) | NR | 65/419 (15.5, 12.2–19.3) |
| Chronic renal failure, n (%) | |||||||
| Nil readmission | 32 (10.0) | 38 (0.5) | NR | NR | NR | NR | 70/7582 (0.9, 0.7–1.2) |
| Readmission | 4 (21.1) | 4 (1.2) | NR | NR | NR | NR | 8/347 (2.3, 1.0–4.5) |
| Liver disease, n (%) | |||||||
| Nil readmission | 8 (2.5) | 341 (4.7) | NR | NR | NR | NR | 349/7582 (4.6, 4.1–5.1) |
| Readmission | 3 (15.8) | 11 (3.4) | NR | NR | NR | NR | 14/347 (4.0, 2.2–6.7) |
| Cancer, n (%) | |||||||
| Nil readmission | 23 (7.2) | 266 (3.7) | 12 (19.7) | NR | 3 (2.1) | NR | 304/7786 (3.9, 3.5–4.4) |
| Readmission | 4 (21.1) | 16 (4.9) | 12 (19.7) | NR | 2 (18.2) | NR | 34/419 (8.1, 5.7–11.2) |
| ICU admission, n (%) | |||||||
| Nil readmission | 110 (34.4) | 758 (10.4) | 5 (8.2) | NR | NR | 524 (19.0) | 1397/10404 (13.4, 12.8–14.1) |
| Readmission | 6 (31.6) | 38 (11.6) | 3 (4.9) | 2 (8.0) | NR | 6 (5.8) | 55/511 (10.8, 8.2–13.8) |
| Mechanical ventilation, n (%) | |||||||
| Nil readmission | 64 (20.0) | NR | NR | NR | NR | 293 (10.6) | 357/3081 (11.6, 10.5–12.8) |
| Readmission | 3 (15.8) | NR | NR | NR | NR | 1 (0.97) | 4/122 (3.3, 0.9–8.2) |
| Hospital length of stay, median (IQR) (days) | |||||||
| Nil readmission | 8 (4–15) | 17 (10–24) | 9 (6–14) | 7 (4–11) | 4 (1–28) | 6.7 (3.5–11.5) | — |
| Readmission†† | 6 (3–12) | 9 (1–18) | 6 (4–14) | 6 (1–9) | 3 (2.5–5.5) | 4.7 (2.9–9.1) | — |
| Time to readmission | 5 (3–13) | NR | 6 (3–10) | 10 (6–15) | 8 (4–11.5) | 4.5 (NR) | — |
| Readmission‡‡ | 7 (4–9) | NR | NR | NR | 3 (1.5–4) | NR | — |
| Hospital length of stay, derived mean (SD) (days) | |||||||
| Nil readmission | 9 (8.2) | 17 (10.4) | 9.7 (6.1) | 7.3 (5.2) | 9.3 (5.1) | 7.2 (5.9) | 13.9 (10.2) |
| Readmission†† | 7 (5.6) | 9.3 (12.7) | 8 (7.6) | 5.3 (6.3) | 5.5 (6.9) | 5.6 (4.7) | 8.1 (10.6) |
| Time to readmission | 7.7 (6.1) | NR | 6.3 (5.3) | 10.3 (7.1) | 8.2 (5.2) | NR | 7.6 (6.0) |
| Readmission‡‡ | 7.9 (6.1) | NR | NR | NR | 3.5 (3.0) | NR | 6.3 (5.6) |
| Reason for admission, n (%) | |||||||
| Respiratory distress/prolonged COVID‐19 | 8 (42.1) | NR | 34 (55.7) | 14 (56.0) | 8 (72.7) | 51 (49.5) | 115/219 (52.5, 45.7–59.3) |
| Cardiac: heart failure, chest pain, AMI | NR | NR | 7 (11.5) | NR | NR | 6 (5.8) | 13/164 (7.9, 4.3–13.2) |
| Thrombotic episode | 2 (10.5) | NR | 10 (16.4) | NR | NR | NR | 12/80 (15.0, 8.0–24.7) |
| Fall/trauma | 1 (5.3) | NR | NR | NR | NR | 5 (4.9) | 6/122 (4.9, 1.8–10.4) |
| Others | 8 (42.1) | NR | 10 (16.4) | 11 (44.0) | 3 (27.3) | 41 (39.8) | 73/219 (33.3, 27.1–40.0) |
| Outcomes following readmission, n (%) | |||||||
| Death | 2 (10.5) | NR | 9 (14.7) | 6 (24.0) | 2 (18.2) | 3 (5.4)§§ | 22/172 (12.8, 8.2–18.7) |
| Still admitted | 1 (5.3) | NR | NR | 3 (12.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (3.6)§§ | 6/111 (5.4, 2.0–11.4) |
| Recovered | 16 (84.2) | NR | NR | 16 (64.0) | 9 (81.8) | 51 (91.1)§§ | 92/111 (82.9, 74.6–89.4) |
†
Parra et al.13 reported a matched (1:1) cohort. A total of 1144 patients had an initial admission but no hospital readmission.
‡
Please refer Table S2 for Individual study quality by NOS score that was performed independently by two authors.
§
Total includes 1144 patients from Parra et al.,14 who had an initial admission but no hospital readmission.
¶
Among 103 patients who re‐presented to hospital.
††
Length of stay during first hospital admission.
‡‡
Length of stay during second hospital admission.
§§
Among 56 patients who were admitted to hospital.
AMI, acute myocardial infarction; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ICU, intensive care unit; IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation.