TABLE 4.
Characteristics of oral ulcers reported in COVID‐19 patients
| Reference | Sex | Age | Systemic manifestions | Skin lesions | Oral lesions | Ulcer localization | Onset | Hospitalization | Treatment of oral lesions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Akca et al. a | M | 7 | Fever, respiratory symptoms | Yes | Erosive hyperemia | N/A | N/A | + | IVIG, azithromycin, hydroxochloroquine, ritonavir, lopinavir, tocilizumab, mesenchymal stem cell treatment |
| Ansari et al. | F | 56 | Fever, respiratory symptoms | No | Ulcers | The hard palate | After S | + | Remdesivir, azithromycin, magic mouthwash |
| Ansari et al. | M | 75 | Respiratory symptoms | No | Ulcers | The anterior part of the tongue | After S | + | Azithromycin, magic mouthwash |
| Brandao et al. | M | 81 | Fever, respiratory symptoms, dysgeusia | No | Multiple shallow aphthous‐like ulcers of varying sizes and irregular margins covered with mucopurulent membrane | The upper and lower lip mucosa and anterior dorsal tongue | After S | + |
Azithromycin, ceftriaxone, acyclovir, photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) Unresponsive to acyclovir |
| Brandao et al. | F | 71 | Respiratory symptoms, dysgeusia | No | Hemorrhagic ulcers, focal areas of shallow necrosis on the anterior tongue | The upper and lower lip | After S | + |
Acyclovir, PBMT Unresponsive to acyclovir |
| Brandao et al. | F | 83 | Respiratory symptoms | No | Aphthous‐like ulcers, petechia, shallow necrosis | The lateral border of the tongue | After S | + | PBMT |
| Brandao et al. | M | 72 | Fever, respiratory symptoms | No | Hemorrhagic ulcers, necrotic ulcers, aphthous‐like ulcers | The upper and lower lips, vermilion border, and lower lip mucosa | After S | + | Acyclovir, PBMT |
| Brandao et al. | F | 32 | Fever, respiratory symptoms | No | Aphthous‐like ulcers | The apex and lateral borders of the tongue | After S | − | N/A |
| Brandao et al. | M | 35 | Fever, respiratory symptoms, hyposmia, ageusia | No | Aphthous‐like ulcers | Peritonsillar and lateral border of tongue | After S | − | N/A |
| Brandao et al. | M | 29 | Fever, respiratory symptoms, anosmia ageusia | No | Aphthous‐like ulcers | The ventral portion of the tongue | After S | − | No |
| Brandao et al. | M | 28 | Fever, respiratory symptoms, anosmia, ageusia | No | Aphthous‐like ulcers | The upper and lower labial mucosae, on the border of the tongue | After S | − | 0,12% chlorhexidine mouthwash |
| Chaux‐Bodard et al. | F | 45 | Asthenia | Painful erythematous plane lesion on the toe | Irregular ulcer on the dorsal side of the tongue | The dorsal side of the tongue | Before | N/A | N/A |
| Ciccarese et al. a | F | 19 | Fever, respiratory symptoms, hyposmia | Yes | Erosions, ulcers, blood crust, petechial enanthema | Inner surface of the lower lip | After S | + | I.V. immune globulins, methylprednisolone |
| Demirbaş et al. a | F | 37 | Respiratory symptoms | Yes | Ulcers | Lower lip, tongue, palate |
After S 5th day of treatment |
+ | Methylprednisolone, anesthetic, and antiseptic mouthwashes |
| Dominguez‐Santas et al. | F | 43 | Fever, respiratory symptoms, anosmia | N/A | Aphthous‐like ulcers | Buccal mucosa | After S | N/A | N/A |
| Dominguez‐Santas et al. | M | 33 | Fever, respiratory symptoms, anosmia | N/A | Aphthous‐like ulcers | Mucogingival junction | After S | N/A | N/A |
| Dominguez‐Santas et al. | M | 37 | Fever, respiratory symptoms, anosmia | N/A | Aphthous‐like ulcers | Tongue | After S | N/A | N/A |
| Dominguez‐Santas et al. | M | 19 | Fever, respiratory symptoms, anosmia | N/A | Aphthous‐like ulcers | Labial mucosa | With S | N/A | N/A |
| Gabusi et al. | M | 78 | Respiratory symptoms | No | Painful ulcerated plaque | Tongue, both lips, soft palate | After S | Yes | Topical betamethasone, chlorhexidine gel, topical lidocaine |
| Holcomb et al. | M | 17 | Anosmia, ageusia | Yes | Mucositis, shallow erosions | Lips and hard palate | Without S | N/A |
Betamethasone, intraoral dexamethasone solution, viscous lidocaine, acetaminophen, ibuprofen |
| Labé et al. a | M | 6 | Asymptomatic | Yes | Erosive cheilitis, gingival erosion, thick hemorrhagic crust | Gingiva | N/A | + | N/A |
| Rodriguez et al. a | F | 43 | Fever, respiratory symptoms, anosmia, dysgeusia | N/A | Aphthous‐like ulcers, tongue depapillation | Tongue | After S | − | Triamcinolone acetonide 0.05% |
| Soares et al. a | F | 23 | Fever, respiratory symptoms | Yes | Vesicobullous lesions | Outer surface of the lips | After S | N/A | Systemic dexamethasone |
| Soares et al. a | M | 42 | Fever, cough, shortness of breath | Petechia‐like small vesiculobullous lesions | Ulcer, maculopapular enanthema | Buccal mucosa | After S | N/A | Dexamethasone, dipyrone |
| Taskin et al. | F | 61 | Fever, fatigue, arthralgia, myalgia, respiratory symptoms | Sweet’s syndrome | Aphthous ulcers on the hard palate and buccal mucosa | The palate and buccal mucosa | With S | + |
Tocilizumab, Favipiravir 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwash |
| Tomo et al. a | F | 37 | Fever, asthenia, dysgeusia, anosmia | No | Mucositis, diffuse bilateral erythema, petechia, depapillation of tongue | Generalized |
After S 9th day |
− |
Chlorhexidine 0.12% mouthwash Dexamethasone, metimazole |