TABLE 3.
Baseline characteristics according to HbA1c groups among hospitalized COVID‐19 patients without diabetes
| Total (N = 2117) | HbA1c < 31 mmol/mol (N = 142) | HbA1c 31‐36 mmol/mol (N = 773) | HbA1c 37‐41 mmol/mol (N = 831) | HbA1c 42‐47 mmol/mol (N = 371) | P‐value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HbA1c < 5.0% | HbA1c 5.0%‐5.4% | HbA1c 5.5%‐5.9% | HbA1c 6.0%‐6.5% | ||||
| Sex: male, n (%) | 1114 (52.6) | 71 (50.0) | 380 (49.2) | 462 (55.6) | 201 (54.2) | 0.060 | |
| Age, median (IQR), years | 73.6 (59.9, 82.7) | 69 (52.2, 82.9) | 71 (55.1, 81.3) | 74.5 (62.5, 83.0) | 75 (67.2, 83.2) | <0.001 | |
| HbA1c, median (IQR), mmol/mol | 37 (34, 40) | 29 (27, 30) | 34 (33, 35) | 39 (38, 40) | 44 (42, 45) | <0.001 | |
| Blood glucose, median (IQR), mmol/L | 6.3 (5.7, 7.4) | 6 (5.2, 6.8) | 6.1 (5.5, 7.0) | 6.5 (5.7, 7.5) | 6.9 (6, 8) | <0.001 | |
| Missing | 620 | 48 | 225 | 238 | 109 | ||
| C‐reactive protein, median (IQR), mg/L | 21 (4, 66) | 13 (4, 44) | 14 (4.0, 60.5) | 23 (4, 69) | 34 (6.0, 80.8) | <0.001 | |
| Missing | 256 | 13 | 93 | 117 | 33 | ||
| Leukocytes, median (IQR), x 109/L | 6.7 (5.0, 8.7) | 6.7 (4.7, 8.1) | 6.4 (4.9, 8.4) | 6.8 (5.1, 8.9) | 7.1 (5.4, 9.0) | 0.03 | |
| Missing | 159 | 9 | 51 | 81 | 18 | ||
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||||||
| Ischaemic heart disease | 404 (19.1) | 18 (12.7) | 107 (13.8) | 183 (22.0) | 96 (25.9) | <0.001 | |
| Heart failure | 183 (8.6) | 11 (7.7) | 54 (7.0) | 72 (8.7) | 46 (12.4) | 0.02 | |
| Previous myocardial infarction | 172 (8.1) | 10 (7.0) | 42 (5.4) | 73 (8.8) | 47 (12.7) | <0.001 | |
| Atrial fibrillation | 346 (16.3) | 26 (18.3) | 108 (14.0) | 152 (18.3) | 60 (16.2) | 0.12 | |
| Stroke | 190 (9.0) | 13 (9.2) | 63 (8.2) | 86 (10.3) | 28 (7.5) | 0.32 | |
| Peripheral artery disease | 72 (3.4) | 10 (7.0) | 24 (3.1) | 22 (2.6) | 16 (4.3) | 0.04 | |
| Hypertension | 770 (36.4) | 41 (28.9) | 230 (29.8) | 315 (37.9) | 184 (49.6) | <0.001 | |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 207 (9.8) | 16 (11.3) | 56 (7.2) | 85 (10.2) | 50 (13.5) | 0.008 | |
| Cancer | 427 (20.2) | 36 (25.4) | 139 (18.0) | 170 (20.5) | 82 (22.1) | 0.15 | |
| Liver disease | 72 (3.4) | 12 (8.5) | 30 (3.9) | 16 (1.9) | 14 (3.8) | <0.001 | |
| Rheumatic disease | 163 (7.7) | 9 (6.3) | 62 (8.0) | 57 (6.9) | 35 (9.4) | 0.41 | |
| Chronic renal disease | 150 (7.1) | 10 (7.0) | 53 (6.9) | 63 (7.6) | 24 (6.5) | 0.90 | |
| Lipidaemia | 290 (13.7) | 12 (8.5) | 77 (10.0) | 135 (16.2) | 66 (17.8) | <0.001 | |
| Concomitant pharmacotherapy, n (%) | |||||||
| Cholesterol‐lowering drugs | 628 (29.7) | 24 (16.9) | 170 (22.0) | 284 (34.2) | 150 (40.4) | <0.001 | |
| Beta‐blockers | 494 (23.3) | 34 (23.9) | 143 (18.5) | 203 (24.4) | 114 (30.7) | <0.001 | |
| Calcium channel blockers | 440 (20.8) | 19 (13.4) | 142 (18.4) | 195 (23.5) | 84 (22.6) | 0.008 | |
| Renin angiotensin system inhibitors | 738 (34.9) | 38 (26.8) | 227 (29.4) | 297 (35.7) | 176 (47.4) | <0.001 | |
| Thiazides | 204 (9.6) | 6 (4.2) | 66 (8.5) | 89 (10.7) | 43 (11.6) | 0.04 | |
| Loop diuretics | 393 (18.6) | 36 (25.4) | 104 (13.5) | 149 (17.9) | 104 (28.0) | <0.001 | |
| Spironolactone | 94 (4.4) | 7 (4.9) | 28 (3.6) | 36 (4.3) | 23 (6.2) | 0.26 | |
| Digoxin | 83 (3.9) | 5 (3.5) | 26 (3.4) | 34 (4.1) | 18 (4.9) | 0.66 | |
| Aspirin | 280 (13.2) | 17 (12.0) | 82 (10.6) | 109 (13.1) | 72 (19.4) | <0.001 | |
| Adenosine diphosphate receptor inhibitors | 245 (11.6) | 20 (14.1) | 78 (10.1) | 96 (11.6) | 51 (13.7) | 0.24 | |
| Anticoagulants | 407 (19.2) | 27 (19.0) | 127 (16.4) | 171 (20.6) | 82 (22.1) | 0.077 | |
Abbreviations: HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; IQR, interquartile range.