TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics and treatments among hospitalized patients by season for those with season of diagnosis available (N = 973)
| Covariate, n (%) | Early period (n = 571) | Late period (n = 402) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Male | 366 (64.1) | 244 (60.9) | .3 |
| Racea | |||
| Asian | 28 (5.4) | 18 (4.8) | <.001 |
| Black | 221 (42.3) | 113 (30.1) | |
| Indigenous People | 4 (0.8) | 10 (2.7) | |
| Pacific Islander | 1 (0.2) | 3 (0.8) | |
| White | 269 (51.4) | 231 (61.6) | |
| Hispanic or Latinx ethnicityb | 151 (27.7) | 142 (36.2) | .006 |
| Age > 65 year | 167 (29.3) | 135 (33.6) | .15 |
| Mean age (SD), years | 57.0 (13.5) | 57.6 (14.1) | .47 |
| Geographic location | |||
| Northeastern U.S. | 284 (49.7) | 74 (18.4) | <.001 |
| Midwestern U.S. | 97 (17.0) | 7 (1.7) | <.001 |
| Southern U.S. | 100 (17.5) | 194 (48.3) | <.001 |
| Western U.S. | 74 (13.0) | 119 (29.6) | <.001 |
| International | 16 (2.8) | 8 (2.0) | .42 |
| Organc | |||
| Kidney | 383 (67.1) | 225 (56.0) | <.001 |
| Liver | 76 (13.3) | 62 (15.4) | .35 |
| Heart | 68 (11.9) | 52 (12.9) | .63 |
| Lung | 41 (7.2) | 63 (15.7) | <.001 |
| Other | 3 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Underlying comorbidities | |||
| Hypertension | 458 (80.2) | 296 (73.6) | .02 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 301 (54.3) | 191 (47.5) | .04 |
| Heart failure | 47 (8.2) | 18 (4.5) | .02 |
| Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2)d | 201 (35.8) | 135 (35.1) | .81 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 202 (35.4) | 125 (31.1) | .16 |
| Coronary artery disease | 124 (21.7) | 58 (14.4) | .004 |
| Chronic lung disease | 52 (9.1) | 15 (3.7) | .001 |
| Baseline immunosuppression | |||
| Induction in the past 3 monthse | 28 (7.0) | 30 (5.3) | .27 |
| CNI, antimetabolite, corticosteroids | 305 (53.4) | 204 (50.8) | .41 |
| Any CNIf | 528 (92.5) | 368 (91.5) | .6 |
| Any antimetabolitef | 406 (71.1) | 313 (77.8) | .02 |
| Any corticosteroidg | 438 (76.7) | 277 (68.9) | .01 |
| Any mTOR inhibitor | 32 (5.6) | 23 (5.7) | .94 |
| Presenting features | |||
| Lymphopenia (ALC < 0.5 × 109/L)h | 150 (28.0) | 131 (35.9) | .01 |
| Abnormal chest imagingi,j | 450 (83.2) | 294 (81.2) | .49 |
Abbreviations: ALC, absolute lymphocyte count; BMI, body mass index; CNI, calcineurin inhibitor, mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; SD, standard deviation, U.S., United States.
Race was available for 523 patients in the early period and 375 patients in the late period.
Ethnicity was available for 545 patients in the early period and 293 patients in the late period.
Kidney includes 16 kidney/pancreas recipients. Liver includes 28 liver/kidney and 1 liver/pancreas/small bowel recipients. Heart includes 13 heart kidney and 1 heart/kidney/small bowel recipients. Lung includes 2 heart/lung, 1 liver/lung, and 1 lung/kidney/islet cell recipients. Other organ recipients include 2 small bowel recipients and 1 vascular composite allograft recipient.
BMI was available for 561 patients in the early period and 385 patients in the early period.
Induction immunosuppression refers to polyclonal antilymphocyte globulin (early period, n = 16; late period, n = 17), alemtuzumab (early period, n = 2; late period, n = 0), basiliximab (early period, n = 9; late period, n = 6), pulse steroids at ≥500 mg methylprednisolon e/day for ≥3 days (early period, n = 6; late period, n = 14), rituximab (early period, n = 1; late period, n = 2), and plasmapheresis (early period, n = 0; late period, n = 1). Some patients received more than one induction agent.
Includes tacrolimus and cyclosporine.
Includes mycophenolate mofetil, mycophenolic acid, azathioprine, and leflunomide.
Dose of baseline corticosteroids consistent of ≤5 mg/day of prednisone or equivalent (early period, n = 414; late period, n = 267) or >5 mg/day of prednisone (early period, n = 24; late period, n = 10).
Absolute lymphocyte count was measured in 535 patients in the early period and 365 patients in the late period.
Chest imaging was performed in 541 patients in the early period and 362 patients in the late period. Refers to changes from baseline for patients with abnormal chest imaging prior to COVID-19.