TABLE 2.
Outcomes by 28 days in solid organ transplant recipients hospitalized for COVID-19 during early and late 2020
| Outcomes, n (%) | Early period (n = 571) | Late period (n = 402) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI)a | p-valuea | Adjusted OR (95% CI), p-valueb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Death | 112 (19.6) | 55 (13.7) | 0.7 (0.5–0.9) | .016* | 0.67 (0.46–0.98), p = .037 |
| ICU admissionc | 213 (38.7) | 152 (39.2) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | .87 | |
| Any supplemental oxygend | 395 (71.0) | 303 (76.9) | 1.4 (1.0–1.8) | .04* | |
| Nasal cannula or simple facemask | 167 (30.0) | 152 (38.5) | 1.5 (1.1–1.9) | .01* | |
| High flow nasal cannula | 43 (7.7) | 49 (12.4) | 1.7 (1.1–2.6) | .02* | |
| Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation | 14 (2.5) | 9 (2.3) | 0.9 (0.4–2.1) | .82 | |
| Mechanical ventilation | 171 (30.9) | 93 (23.6) | 0.7 (0.5–0.9) | .014 | |
| New RRTe | 89 (17.8) | 48 (12.9) | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | .051 | |
| Infectionf | |||||
| Bacterial pneumonia | 43 (7.5) | 34 (8.5) | 1.2 (0.7–1.8) | .60 | |
| Fungal pneumonia | 2 (0.4) | 5 (1.3) | 3.6 (0.7–18.5) | .13 | |
| Bloodstream infection | 37 (6.5) | 28 (7.0) | 1.1 (0.6–1.8) | .77 | |
| Acute cellular rejection | 4 (0.7) | 6 (1.5) | 2.1 (0.6–7.7) | .29 | |
| Median length of hospitalization, days (IQR)gh | 10 (5–19) | 8 (5–18) | .08 | ||
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; ICU, intensive care unit; IQR, interquartile range; OR, odds ratio; RRT, renal replacement therapy.
Reference is early period.
P-values reflect χ2 and Fisher’s exact tests for heterogeneity for dichotomous outcomes and Wilcoxon rank-sum test for the continuous outcome (length of hospitalization). *Indicates statistical significance at α = .05.
Adjusted odds ratio is based on multivariable logistic regression for the primary outcome (death). The multivariable model adjusted for age (> 65 years vs. ≤65 years), receipt of lung transplant hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart failure, obesity, chronic kidney disease, coronary artery disease, and chronic lung disease.
ICU admission status available for 551 patients in the early period and 388 patients in the late period.
Highest level of respiratory support and need for mechanical ventilation was available for 554 patients in the early period and 394 patients in the late period. In the early period, eight patients who required mechanical ventilation also required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). In the late period, two patients who required mechanical ventilation required ECMO.
Refers to initiation of renal replacement therapy among those who were not receiving renal replacement therapy prior to COVID-19 diagnosis (528 patients in the early period and 386 patients in the late period).
Infections include bacterial pneumonia, fungal pneumonia, and bloodstream infections. Only pathogen-proven infections were included. Some patients experienced more than one infection.
Length of hospital stay was available for 547 patients in the early period and 391 patients in the late period. The number of days refer to the number of days hospitalized during the first 28 days following Covid-19 diagnosis.