Table 1.
Screened list of articles, year of publication, age, sex, test for diagnostic confirmation of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, observed oral manifestations, anatomical location, latency and management of oral lesions, and presence of associated skin manifestations
| Author | Age/sex | Diagnostic test | Oral manifestations/anatomical location | Latency | Management of oral manifestations | Skin lesions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amorim dos Santos et al. 34 | 67 M | Positive RT‐PCR | Ulcers resembling HSV (tongue dorsum), candidiasis (tongue dorsum), and geographic tongue | 34 days after the onset of symptoms | Fluconazole, nystatin, chlorhexidine, and hydrogen peroxide | INA |
| Ansari et al. 7 | 56 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Ulcers resembling HSV (hard palate) | 15 days after the onset of symptoms | Diphenhydramine, dexamethasone, tetracycline, and lidocaine | INA |
| 75 M | Positive RT‐PCR | Ulcers resembling HSV (anterior of the tongue) | 7 days after hospitalization | Diphenhydramine, dexamethasone, tetracycline, and lidocaine | INA | |
| Glavina et al. 8 | 40 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Ageusia, ulcers resembling HSV (palate), hairy tongue, and nonspecific white lesions (ventral side of the tongue) | 7 days after the confirmation of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection | Acyclovir, antiseptic, nystatin, panthenol, and local anesthetic | INA |
| Jimenez‐cauhe et al. 9 | a F | Positive RT‐PCR | Macules and petechiae (palate) | a | INA | Yes |
| a F | Positive RT‐PCR | Macules and petechiae (palate) | a | INA | Yes | |
| a F | Positive RT‐PCR | Macules and petechiae (palate) | a | INA | Yes | |
| Chaux‐Bodard et al. 35 | 45 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Irregular ulcer (dorsal side of the tongue) | 8 days before the COVID‐19 test | Follow‐up | Yes |
| Jimenez‐Cauhe et al. 10 | b | Positive RT‐PCR | Macular enanthema (palate) | 12 days after the onset of symptoms | INA | Yes |
| b | Positive RT‐PCR | Petechiae enanthema (palate) | 2 days before the onset of symptoms | INA | Yes | |
| b | Positive RT‐PCR | Macular with petechiae enanthema (palate) | 19 days after the onset of symptoms | INA | Yes | |
| b | Positive RT‐PCR | Macular with petechiae enanthema (palate) | 24 days after the onset of symptoms | INA | Yes | |
| b | Positive RT‐PCR | Petechial enanthema (palate) | 2 days after the onset of symptoms | INA | Yes | |
| b | Positive RT‐PCR | Macular with petechiae enanthema (palate) | 19 days after the onset of symptoms | INA | Yes | |
| Martín Carreras‐Presas et al. 11 | 56 M | Suspected | Dysgeusia and ulcers resembling HSV (hard palate) | Simultaneous | Valaciclovir, chlorhexidine, and hyaluronic acid | INA |
| 58 M | Suspected | Ulcers resembling HSV (hard palate) | INA | Topical antiseptic | INA | |
| 65 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Blisters (labial mucosa) and desquamative gingivitis (erythema multiforme‐like) | 23 days after the onset of symptoms | Prednisolone, chlorhexidine, and hyaluronic acid | Yes | |
| Soares et al. 36 | 42 M | Positive RT‐PCR | Ulcers (buccal mucosa) and reddish macules (hard palate, tongue, and lips) | INA | Follow‐up | Yes |
| Tomo et al. 12 | 37 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Dysgeusia, burning sensation (tongue and soft palate), dry mouth, diffuse erythema and depapillation (borders of tongue) | 9 days after the onset of symptoms | Chlorhexidine | INA |
| Ciccarese et al. 13 | 19 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Erosions, ulcerations, and blood crusts (labial mucosa), petechiae (palate and gingiva) | 5 days after the onset of symptoms | INA | Yes |
| Patel and Woolley 14 | 35 F | Suspected | Halitosis, edema, and erythema (gingiva), necrosis (interdental papillae), and bleeding (gingival sulcus) | 3 days after the onset of fever | Metronidazole and chlorhexidine | INA |
| Cebeci Kahramanand and Çaşkurlu 40 | 51 M | IgG and IgM positive | Ageusia, erythema (oropharynx), petechiae (hard palate), and pustular enanthema (soft palate) | 10 days after the onset of symptoms | INA | INA |
| Dominguez‐Santas et al. 15 | 43 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Ulcer (buccal mucosa) | 4 days after the onset of symptoms | INA | INA |
| 33 M | Positive RT‐PCR | Aphthous ulcer (superior mucogingival junction) | 3 days after the onset of symptoms | INA | INA | |
| 37 M | Positive RT‐PCR | Aphthae (ventral side of the tongue) | 5 days after the onset of symptoms | INA | INA | |
| 19 M | Positive RT‐PCR | Clustered aphthae ulcers (labial mucosa) | Simultaneous | INA | INA | |
| Corchuelo and Ulloa 16 | 40 F | IgG positive | Petechiae (lip), candidiasis (dorsum of the tongue), melanin pigmentation (gingiva), aphthous ulcers (gingiva and tongue), dry mouth, and hypogeusia | INA | Nystatin and topical chlorhexidine | Yes |
| Brandão et al. 6 | 81 M | Positive RT‐PCR | Dysgeusia, clustered ulcers (lip), ulcers (tongue and labial mucosa) | Dysgeusia present on the 1st day and ulcers after 10 days of symptom onset | Acyclovir and photobiomodulation | INA |
| 71 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Dysgeusia, hemorrhagic ulcerations (lips), and focal ulcerative areas of necrosis (dorsum of the tongue) | During the hospitalization | Acyclovir and photobiomodulation | INA | |
| 83 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Ulcer (tongue), erythema/petechiae, and shallow necrotic area (hard palate) | During the hospitalization | Photobiomodulation | INA | |
| 72 M | Positive RT‐PCR | Hemorrhagic ulceration and necrotic ulceration (lip) | During the hospitalization | Acyclovir and photobiomodulation | INA | |
| 32 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Dysgeusia and shallow ulcers (lateral border of the tongue) | 10 days after the onset of symptoms | Follow‐up | INA | |
| 35 M | Positive RT‐PCR | Ageusia and major aphthous‐like ulcer (tonsillar pillar) | 6 days after the onset of symptoms | Follow‐up | INA | |
| 29 M | Positive RT‐PCR | Ageusia and ulcer (ventral portion of the tongue) | Ageusia after 6 days, and ulcer after 8 days of symptom onset | Follow‐up | INA | |
| 28 M | Positive RT‐PCR | Ageusia, aphthous‐like ulcers (labial mucosa and lateral border of the tongue) | Ageusia after 6 days, and ulcer 8 days after the onset of symptoms | Chlorhexidine | INA | |
| Kitakawa et al. 17 | 20 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Crusted lesions resembling HSV (lip) | INA | Neomycin and bacitracin | INA |
| Aghazadeh et al. 18 | 9 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Vesicles and erosions (lips, tongue, and buccal mucosa) | Simultaneous | Follow‐up | Yes |
| Cruz Tapia et al. 19 | 41 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Angina bullosa hemorrhagic‐like lesion (hard palate) | During quarantine time | Follow‐up | INA |
| 51 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Vascular‐like purple macule (hard palate), papule‐plaque (hard palate) | Simultaneous | INA | INA | |
| 55 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Purple bulla (tongue) | During quarantine time | Follow‐up | INA | |
| 41 M | RT‐PCR positive | Dysgeusia, burning mouth, and multiple reddish macules (hard palate) | Simultaneous | Chlorhexidine and topical mometasone furoate | INA | |
| Riad et al. 20 | 16 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Ulcers (dorsum of the tongue) | 3 days after the PCR test | Paracetamol and chlorhexidine | INA |
| 69 M | Positive RT‐PCR | Ulcers (dorsum of the tongue) | 4 days after the PCR test | Paracetamol and chlorhexidine | INA | |
| 43 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Ulcers (dorsum of the tongue) | 4 days after the PCR test | Paracetamol and chlorhexidine | INA | |
| 24 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Ulcers (dorsum of the tongue) | 5 days after the PCR test | Paracetamol and chlorhexidine | INA | |
| 19 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Ulcers (dorsum of the tongue) | 5 days after the PCR test | Paracetamol and chlorhexidine | INA | |
| 29 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Ulcers (dorsum of the tongue) | 5 days after the PCR test | Paracetamol and chlorhexidine | INA | |
| 47 M | Positive RT‐PCR | Ageusia and ulcers (ventral and dorsum of the tongue) | 3 days after the PCR test | Paracetamol and chlorhexidine | INA | |
| 21 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Ulcers (dorsum of the tongue) | 5 days after the PCR test | Paracetamol and chlorhexidine | INA | |
| 19 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Ulcers (dorsum of the tongue) | 4 days after the PCR test | Paracetamol and chlorhexidine | INA | |
| 38 M | Positive RT‐PCR | Ulcers (ventral and dorsum of the tongue) | 5 days after the PCR test | Paracetamol and chlorhexidine | INA | |
| 25 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Ulcers (dorsum of the tongue) | 4 days after the PCR test | Paracetamol and chlorhexidine | INA | |
| 36 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Ulcers (dorsum of the tongue) | 5 days after the PCR test | Paracetamol and chlorhexidine | INA | |
| 29 M | Positive RT‐PCR | Ageusia and ulcers (ventral and dorsum of the tongue) | Same day of the PCR test | Paracetamol and chlorhexidine | INA | |
| 70 F | Positive RT‐PCR | 3 ulcers (dorsum of the tongue) | 5 days after the PCR test | Paracetamol and chlorhexidine | INA | |
| 68 M | Positive RT‐PCR | Ulcers (dorsum of the tongue) | 4 days after the PCR test | Paracetamol and chlorhexidine | INA | |
| 42 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Ulcers (dorsum of the tongue) | 5 days after the PCR test | Paracetamol and chlorhexidine | INA | |
| 29 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Ulcers (dorsum of the tongue) | 5 days after the PCR test | Paracetamol and chlorhexidine | INA | |
| 37 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Ulcers (dorsum of the tongue) | 5 days after the PCR test | Paracetamol and chlorhexidine | INA | |
| 31 M | Positive RT‐PCR | Ageusia and ulcers (ventral and dorsum of the tongue) | Same day of the PCR test | Paracetamol and chlorhexidine | INA | |
| 19 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Ulcers (dorsum of the tongue) | 5 days after the PCR test | Paracetamol and chlorhexidine | INA | |
| 29 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Ulcers (dorsum of the tongue) | 5 days after the PCR test | Paracetamol and chlorhexidine | INA | |
| 37 M | Positive RT‐PCR | Ulcers (dorsum of the tongue) | 4 days after the PCR test | Paracetamol and chlorhexidine | INA | |
| 57 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Ulcers (dorsum of the tongue) | 5 days after the PCR test | Paracetamol and chlorhexidine | INA | |
| 41 M | Positive RT‐PCR | Ulcers (dorsum of the tongue) | 4 days after the PCR test | Paracetamol and chlorhexidine | INA | |
| 50 M | Positive RT‐PCR | Ulcers (dorsum of the tongue) | 3 days after the PCR test | Paracetamol and chlorhexidine | INA | |
| 32 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Ulcers (dorsum of the tongue) | 5 days after the PCR test | Paracetamol and chlorhexidine | INA | |
| Díaz Rodríguez and Jimenez 21 | 43 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Dysgeusia, aphthous‐like lesions, burning sensation, and tongue depapillation | INA | Corticosteroids | INA |
| 53 M | Positive RT‐PCR | Dysgeusia, angular cheilitis, and burning sensation | After hospital discharge | Neomycin, nystatin, and triamcinolone acetonide | INA | |
| 78 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Pseudomembranous candidiasis (tongue and palate), angular cheilitis, and dry mouth | During the hospitalization | Neomycin, nystatin, and triamcinolone acetonide | INA | |
| Bezerra et al. 39 | 33 M | IgG positive | Ageusia, ulcers (floor of the mouth, buccal mucosa and labial mucosa) | 70 days after the onset of symptoms | Triamcinolone acetonide and chlorhexidine | INA |
| Soares et al. 22 | 23 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Vesiculobullous lesions (lips) | 3 days after the onset of symptoms | Dexamethasone | INA |
| Riad et al. 23 | 47 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Candidiasis (dorsal surface of the tongue and hard palate) and burning sensation | 2 weeks after the onset of symptoms | INA | INA |
| Riad et al. 24 | 29 M | Positive RT‐PCR | Halitosis | INA | Lidocaine, chlorhexidine, and prednisolone | INA |
| 52 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Halitosis | INA | Lidocaine, chlorhexidine, and prednisolone | INA | |
| 45 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Halitosis | INA | Chlorhexidine | INA | |
| 72 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Halitosis | INA | Lidocaine, chlorhexidine, and prednisolone | INA | |
| 19 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Halitosis | INA | Chlorhexidine | INA | |
| 32 M | Positive RT‐PCR | Halitosis | INA | Chlorhexidine | INA | |
| 42 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Halitosis | INA | Lidocaine, chlorhexidine, and prednisolone | INA | |
| 29 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Halitosis | INA | Lidocaine, chlorhexidine, and prednisolone | INA | |
| 50 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Halitosis and ageusia | INA | Lidocaine, chlorhexidine, and prednisolone | INA | |
| 37 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Halitosis | INA | Chlorhexidine | INA | |
| 18 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Halitosis | INA | Lidocaine, chlorhexidine, and prednisolone | INA | |
| 29 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Halitosis | INA | Lidocaine, chlorhexidine, and prednisolone | INA | |
| 26 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Halitosis | INA | Lidocaine, chlorhexidine, and prednisolone | INA | |
| 38 M | Positive RT‐PCR | Halitosis | INA | Chlorhexidine | INA | |
| 26 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Halitosis | INA | Lidocaine, chlorhexidine, and prednisolone | INA | |
| 25 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Halitosis | INA | Lidocaine, chlorhexidine, and prednisolone | INA | |
| 29 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Halitosis | INA | Chlorhexidine | INA | |
| 34 M | Positive RT‐PCR | Halitosis | INA | Lidocaine, chlorhexidine, and prednisolone | INA | |
| Kämmerer et al. 37 | 46 M | Positive RT‐PCR | Ulcers resembling HSV (buccal mucosa) | 3 days after extubation | Acyclovir | No |
| Askin et al. 33 | INA | Positive RT‐PCR | Enanthema | INA | INA | Yes |
| INA | Positive RT‐PCR | Aphthous stomatitis and enanthema | INA | INA | Yes | |
| INA | Positive RT‐PCR | Aphthous stomatitis | INA | INA | Yes | |
| Binois et al. 38 | 57 M | Positive RT‐PCR | Bilateral ulcers (tongue and lips – erythema multiforme major) and ageusia | 8 days after the onset of symptoms | Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and antiviral drugs | No |
| Cebeci Kahraman et al. 25 | 67 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Thick‐crusted hemorrhagic necrosis (lips) | INA | Subcutaneous low‐molecular‐weight heparin, and eculizumab | No |
| Riad et al. 26 | 50 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Ageusia, mucositis (all over the mouth), and depapillation of the tongue | 0 day after the PCR test | Paracetamol | No |
| 34 M | Positive RT‐PCR | Mucositis (palate and buccal mucosa) and depapillation of the tongue | 1 day after the PCR test | Lidocaine, chlorhexidine, and prednisolone | No | |
| 56 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Mucositis (hard and soft palate) and depapillation of the tongue | 1 day after the PCR test | Lidocaine, chlorhexidine, and prednisolone | No | |
| 62 M | Positive RT‐PCR | Mucositis (all over the mouth) and depapillation of the tongue | 2 days after the PCR test | Lidocaine, chlorhexidine, and prednisolone | No | |
| 45 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Mucositis (all over the mouth) and depapillation of the tongue | 1 day after the PCR test | Lidocaine, chlorhexidine, and prednisolone | No | |
| 57 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Mucositis (buccal mucosa) and depapillation of the tongue | 0 day after the PCR test | Lidocaine, chlorhexidine, and prednisolone | No | |
| 49 M | Positive RT‐PCR | Ageusia, mucositis (all over the mouth), and depapillation of the tongue | 0 day after the PCR test | Lidocaine, chlorhexidine, and prednisolone | No | |
| 39 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Ageusia, mucositis (all over the mouth), and depapillation of the tongue | 0 day after the PCR test | Paracetamol | No | |
| 46 M | Positive RT‐PCR | Mucositis (buccal mucosa) and depapillation of the tongue | 2 days after the PCR test | Lidocaine, chlorhexidine, and prednisolone | No | |
| 62 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Mucositis (all over the mouth) and depapillation of the tongue | 1 day after the PCR test | Lidocaine, chlorhexidine, and prednisolone | No | |
| 55 M | Positive RT‐PCR | Mucositis (gingiva) and depapillation of the tongue | 2 days after the PCR test | Paracetamol | No | |
| 61 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Ageusia, mucositis (buccal mucosa), and depapillation of the tongue | 0 day after the PCR test | Paracetamol | No | |
| 48 F | Positive RT‐PCR | Mucositis (all over the mouth) and depapillation of the tongue | 1 day after the PCR test | Lidocaine, chlorhexidine, and prednisolone | No |
F, female; HSV, herpes simplex virus; IgG, immunoglobulin G; IgM, immunoglobulin M; INA, information not available; M, male; RT‐PCR, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.
a
4 patients, all women, with an average age of 64.25 years, average latency time of 19.5 days, but only 3 had oral manifestations.
b
6 patients, 4 women, and 2 men, aged 40–69 years.