TABLE 5.

Anticoagulant therapy

Drug name and structure	Original mechanism	FDA‐approved indication(s)	Possible mechanism for anti‐COVID‐19	Clinical trials ID (stage)	The highest anti‐COVID‐19 phase/ID/status/start–(estimated)end dates	References
Ketamine	Antagonist of N‐methyl D‐aspartate receptor	Anesthesia, pain relief, sedation, and memory loss	Anesthesia, pain relief	NCT04365985 (Phase 2)	Phase 2/NCT04365985/recruiting/April 29, 2020–May 2021	(Suri & Sindwani, 2020)
Aspirin	Non‐selective and irreversible COX‐1 and COX‐2 inhibitor	Common cold, healthy, acute coronary syndrome, et al.	Interfering with normal platelet aggregation, COX‐1 inhibitor	NCT04365309 (Phase 3) NCT04363840 (Phase 2) NCT04343001 (Phase 3) NCT04410328 (Phase 3) NCT04324463 (Phase 3) NCT04808895 (Phase 3)	Phase 3/NCT04410328/recruiting/October 21, 2020–March 15, 2021	(Clinical trial ID: NCT04365309, n.d.; Bianconi et al., 2020)
Rivaroxaban	Selective and direct Factor Xa (FXa) inhibitor	Atherosclerosis, mitral valve stenosis|atrial fibrillation	Adequate antithrombotic therapy	NCT04504032 (Phase 2) NCT04508023 (Phase 3) NCT0441604 (Phase 3) NCT04324463 (Phase 3)	Phase 3/NCT04324463/recruiting/April 21, 2020–December 31, 2020	(Di Tano et al., 2020)
Enoxaparin	Anticoagulant medication	Pulmonary embolism (PE), deep vein thrombosis (DVT)	Adequate antithrombotic therapy	Approximately 8 clinical trials, some of the examples are: NCT04427098 (Phase 2) NCT04366960 (Phase 3) NCT04400799 (Phase 3) NCT04540926 (Phase 2) NCT04492254 (Phase 3) NCT04408235 (Phase 3) NCT04640181 (Phase 2)	Phase 3/NCT04400799/recruiting/June 15, 2020–March 14, 2021	(Drago et al., 2020)
Tranexamic acid	Antifibrinolytic agent, blocking lysine‐binding sites of plasmin and elastase‐derived plasminogen fragments	Prevent blood loss in surgical procedure	Antifibrinolytic agent, that competitively inhibits activation of plasminogen to plasmin, an enzyme that degrades fibrin clots.	NCT04338126 (Phase 2) NCT04550338 (Phase 3) NCT04338074 (Phase 2)	Phase 3/NCT04550338/not yet recruiting/December 1, 2020–December 31, 2022	(Ogawa & Asakura, 2020)
Edoxaban	FXa inhibitor	Atrial fibrillation (AF), venous thrombosis|neoplasms|anticoagulant, ischemic stroke, blood coagulation disorder, coronary artery disease	Anticoagulant activity of direct FXa inhibitors	NCT04516941 (Phase 3) NCT04542408 (Phase 3)	Phase 3/NCT04542408/recruiting/November 12, 2020–May 31, 2021	(Al‐Horani, 2020)
Apixaban	FXa inhibitor	Deep vein thrombosis|pulmonary embolism, diabetes, venous thromboembolism, etc.	Anticoagulant properties	NCT04512079 (Phase 4)	Phase 4/NCT04512079/recruiting/September 8, 2020–March 2021	(Al‐Horani, 2020)