Table 2.
Association of COVID-19 disease severity with ICS use and other patient characteristics; N(%).
| Nominal or ordinal variables | Disease severity |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All (n = 275) n (%) | Asymptomatic (n = 101) n (%) | Mild- moderate (n = 160) n (%) | Severe- critical (n = 14) n (%) | P-value | |||
| ICS users | 198 (72) | 66 (65.3) | 120 (75) | 12 (85.7) | 0.12 | ||
| Non-ICS user | 77 (28) | 35 (34.7) | 40 (25) | 2 (14.3) | |||
| ICS + LABA combinations (Budesonide + Formoterol OR Fluticasone + salmeterol) | 135 (49.1) | 34 (33.7) | 89 (55.6) | 12 (85.7) | <0.001* | ||
| ICS only | 140(50.9) | 67 (66.3) | 71 (44.4) | 2 (14.3) | |||
| Salbutamol users | 215(78.2) | 78 (77.2) | 127 (79.4) | 10 (71.4) | 0.75 | ||
| Ipratropium/tiotropium users | 67 (24.4) | 18 (17.8) | 45 (28.1) | 4 (28.6) | 0.53 | ||
| Gender | Male | 137 (49.8) | 57 (77.2) | 74 (46.3) | 6 (42.9) | 0.24 | |
| Female | 138 (50.2) | 44 (43.6) | 86 (53.8) | 8 (57.1) | |||
| Current smokers | 8 (2.9) | 4 (4) | 2 (1.3) | 2 (14.3) | 0.015* | ||
| Comorbidities | Non-asthmatic pulmonary disease | 20 (7.3) | 7 (6.9) | 9 (5.6) | 4 (28.6) | 0.006* | |
| Renal failure | 11 (4) | 2 (1.9) | 6 (3.8) | 3 (21.4) | 0.03* | ||
| Cardiovascular disease | 27 (9.8) | 7 (6.9) | 15 (9.4) | 5 (35.7) | 0.003* | ||
| Hypertension | 64 (23.3) | 12 (11.8) | 39 (24.4) | 13 (92.9) | <0.001* | ||
| Diabetes | 72 (27.3) | 14 (13.9) | 49 (30.6) | 9 (64.3) | <0.001* | ||
| Malignancy | 8 (2.9) | 0 | 6 (3.8) | 2 (14.3) | 0.008* | ||
| Liver disease | 5 (1.8) | 0 | 5 (3.1) | 0 | 0.064 | ||
| Stroke | 5 (1.8) | 1 (0.9) | 2 (1.3) | 2 (14.3) | 0.056 | ||
| Dyslipidemia | 26 (9.5) | 7 (6.9) | 18 (11.3) | 1 (7.1) | 0.48 | ||
| Hypothyroidism | 7 (2.5) | 1 (0.9) | 5 (3.1) | 1 (7.1) | 0.31 | ||
| Concurrent Medications | Beta-blockers | 9 (3.3) | 1 (0.9) | 7 (4.4) | 1 (7.1) | 0.18 | |
| ACE inhibitors | 27 | 7 (6.9) | 20 (12.5) | 0 | 0.15 | ||
| Immunosuppressants | 1 (0.4) | 0 | 1 (0.6) | 0 | 0.58 | ||
| Asthma Severity | Intermittent | 40 (14.5) | 19 (18.8) | 19 (11.9) | 2 (14.3) | 0.302 | |
| Mild persistent | 117 (42.5) | 48 (47.5) | 67 (41.9) | 2 (14.3) | 0.06 | ||
| Moderate persistent | 85 (30.9) | 25 (24.8) | 53 (33.1) | 7 (50) | 0.103 | ||
| Severe persistent | 33 (12) | 9 (8.9) | 21 (13.1) | 3 (21.4) | 0.32 | ||
| BMI Category | Underweight | 13 (4.7) | 6 (5.9) | 7 (4.4) | 0 | 0.57 | |
| Normal weight | 74 (26.9) | 36 (35.6) | 34 (21.3) | 4 (28.5) | 0.038* | ||
| Overweight | 52 (18.9) | 14 (13.9) | 36 (22.5) | 2 (14.3) | 0.2 | ||
| Obese | 136 (49.5) | 45 (44.6) | 83 (51.9) | 8 (57.1) | 0.96 | ||
| Scale/ordinal variables | COVID-19 severity | ||||||
| Pearson/Spearman correlation | P-value | ||||||
| BMI category | 0.12 | 0.042 | |||||
| Severity of Asthma | 0.165 | 0.006 | |||||
| Age | 0.39 | <0.001 | |||||
| Weight | 0.209 | <0.001 | |||||
| Height | 0.156 | 0.009 | |||||
*
Significant.