Table 3.
Factors associated with oxygenation failure by multivariate analysis among patients who were not intubated on the day of ICU admission
| Univariate OR (95% CI) | P value | Multivariate OR (95% CI) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | < 0.001 | 0.078 | ||
| ≤ 75 | – | – | ||
| 60–74 | 0.98 (0.72–1.32) | 1.74 (0.93–3.28) | ||
| 40–59 | 0.58 (0.43–0.80) | 1.33 (0.68–2.64) | ||
| < 40 | 0.45 (0.27–0.74) | 0.54 (0.14–1.82) | ||
| Genre, woman | 0.73 (0.58–0.92) | 0.009 | 0.72 (0.44–1.19) | 0.203 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | – | 0.870 | – | 0.178 |
| < 25 | ||||
| 25–29 | 1.05 (0.79–1.40) | 0.89 (0.51–1.55) | ||
| 30–34 | 1.18 (0.86–1.63) | 1.58 (0.83–3.01) | ||
| 35–39 | 1.14 (0.76–1.72) | 1.01 (0.45–2.26) | ||
| ≥ 40 | 1.05 (0.60–1.85) | 2.42 (0.73–8.26) | ||
| Active smokers | 1.00 (0.61–1.63) | 0.996 | 0.83 (0.31–2.20) | 0.701 |
| SAPS II score | 1.05 (1.04–1.06) | < 0.001 | 1.07 (1.04–1.09) | < 0.001 |
| Treated hypertension | 1.35 (1.10–1.66) | 0.004 | 0.79 (0.51–1.23) | 0.300 |
| Known diabetes | 1.31 (1.05–1.65) | 0.019 | 0.74 (0.45–1.20) | 0.222 |
| Immunodepressiona | 1.43 (0.95–2.15) | 0.085 | 0.85 (0.32–2.23) | 0.747 |
| Frailty score | 0.009 | – | 0.875 | |
| 1–3 | – | |||
| 4 | 1.70 (1.16–2.51) | 1.27 (0.51–3.32) | ||
| 5–9 | 1.46 (0.93–2.31) | 1.07 (0.37–3.04) | ||
| Delay between first signs and ICU admission, days | < 0.001 | – | 0.012 | |
| < 4 | – | |||
| 4–7 | 0.84 (0.58–1.20) | 0.74 (0.35–1.53) | ||
| ≥ 8 | 0.44 (0.31–0.62) | 0.42 (0.20–0.87) | ||
| During the first 24 h in ICU | ||||
| Oxygenation technique | 0.019 | 0.013 | ||
| Standard oxygen | – | – | ||
| HFNC | 0.98 (0.79–1.21) | 0.60 (0.36–0.99) | ||
| NIV | 1.60 (1.13–2.27) | 1.57 (0.78–3.21) | ||
| Cardiovascular component of the SOFA score ≥ 3 | 3.37 (1.75–7.00) | < 0.001 | 1.45 (0.37–7.53) | 0.608 |
| Renal component of the SOFA score ≥ 3 | 1.06 (0.68–1.66) | 0.785 | 0.35 (0.12–0.99) | 0.048 |
| Corticosteroidsb | 0.76 (0.55–1.05) | 0.096 | 0.93 (0.46–1.88) | 0.847 |
| pH | 0.12 (0.02–0.71) | 0.010 | 0.95 (0.02–59.91) | 0.980 |
| PaCO2, mmHg | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 0.856 | 0.97 (0.94–1.00) | 0.064 |
| PaO2/FiO2c, mmHg | < 0.001 | – | < 0.001 | |
| ≤ 100 | – | |||
| 101–200 | 0.43 (0.33–0.55) | 0.32 (0.20–0.50) | ||
| 201–300 | 0.26 (0.17–0.37) | 0.21 (0.10–0.41) | ||
| > 300 | 0.25 (0.15–0.43) | 0.23 (0.07–0.71) | ||
| HCO3, mmol/L | 0.97 (0.94–0.99) | 0.006 | 1.00 (0.97–1.03) | 0.993 |
| Lactate, mmol/L | 1.31 (1.12–1.57) | < 0.001 | 1.28 (1.06–1.67) | 0.001 |
| Lymphocyte count < 1 × 109/L | 1.59 (1.26–2.01) | < 0.001 | 1.20 (0.79–1.85) | 0.394 |
| Platelet count < 150 × 109/L | 1.76 (1.32–2.37) | < 0.001 | 1.16 (0.65–2.06) | 0.621 |
| Total bilirubin concentration, µmol/L | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.990 | 1.00 (0.97–1.02) | 0.769 |
| ICU admission period, March 29 to May 4, 2020 | 0.63 (0.51–0.77) | < 0.001 | 0.46 (0.29–0.72) | < 0.001 |
OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, HFNC high-flow nasal cannula, NIV noninvasive ventilation, SAPS Simplified Acute Physiology Score, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, PaCO2 partial pressure of carbon dioxide, PaO2/FiO2 partial pressure of oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen ratio, HCO3 bicarbonate
aDefined as hematological malignancies, active solid tumor, or having received specific anti-tumor treatment within a year, solid organ transplant, human immunodeficiency virus, or immunosuppressants
bIrrespective of the dose and the indication
cCalculated for all patients, including those on oxygen therapy by using conversion tables provided in the online supplement