TABLE 3.
Analysis of psychometric qualities by the different instruments, according to the studies analyzed (n = 50) – Part A.
| Instrument | Study | Norms/standard values | Measurement model | Item/Instrument Bias | Burden (1/2) | Reliability | Alternative/accessible forms | Culture/Language adaptation |
| Empathy Quotient (EQ) | Kim and Lee (2010) EQ-40 | B | A | Face validity: B | A/A | Internal consistency: B Test-retest: A | C | B (Korean) |
| Preti et al. (2011) EQ-60 | B | Unvalued | Not applicable | A/A | Internal consistency: B Test-retest:A | C | B (Italian) | |
| Rodrigues et al. (2011) EQ-22 | Unvalued | Unvalued | Face validity: A | A/A | Internal consistency: A | C | B (Portuguese) | |
| Gouveia et al. (2012) EQ-15 | Unvalued | Unvalued | Face validity: A | A/A | Internal consistency: C Composite reliability: B | C | B (Brazilian version) | |
| Wright and Skagerberg (2012) EQ-40 | B | Unvalued | Change version: A Unchanged version:B | A/A | Internal consistency changed version: A unchanged version: A | B computerized | Not applicable | |
| Kosonogov (2014) EQ-60 | B | A | Face validity: C | A/A | Internal consistency – EQ-60 – 1 Factor: A EQ-29 – 3 factors: A EQ-28 – Lawrence et al. model – 3 factors: B EQ-21 – 3 factors: B EQ-15 – 3 factors: B EQ-15 – Muncer and Ling model – 3 factors: C Test-retest: EQ-60: A | C | B (Russian version) | |
| Senese et al. (2016) EQ-40 | B | Unvalued | Not applicable | A/A | Internal consistency: B | B computerized | B (Italian version) | |
| Kose et al. (2018) EQ-60 | B | Unvalued | Face validity: B | A/A | Internal consistency: B Test-retest: A | C | B (Turkish version) | |
| Redondo and Herrero-Fernández (2018) EQ-60 | Unvalued | Unvalued | Not applicable | A/A | Unvalued | C | B (Spanish version) | |
| Zhang et al. (2018) EQ-60 | B | Unvalued | Face validity: A | A/A | Internal consistency: B Test-retest: A | C | B (Chinese version) | |
| Zhao et al. (2018) EQ-60 | B | Unvalued | Face validity: A | A/A | Internal consistency: EQ-40: A/EQ-15: A Test-retest: EQ-40: A/EQ-15:B | B computerized | B (Chinese version) | |
| Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) | Fernández et al. (2011) IRI-28 | B | Unvalued | Face validity: B | A/A | Internal consistency: B Test-retest: A | C | B (Spanish version) |
| Sampaio et al. (2011) IRI-28 | B | Unvalued | Face validity: B | A/A | Internal consistency: B | C | B (Brazilian version) | |
| Gilet et al. (2013) IRI-28 | B | Unvalued | Face validity: A | A/A | Internal consistency: B Test-retest: A | C | B (French version) | |
| Koller and Lamm (2014) IRI-28 | Unvalued | A | B | A/A | Internal consistency: B | C | B (German) | |
| Braun et al. (2015) IRI-28 | B | Unvalued | Face validity: B | A/A | Internal consistency: B | C | B (French version) | |
| Formiga et al. (2015) IRI-26 | Unvalued | Unvalued | Not applicable | A/A | Internal consistency:B | C | B (Brazilian version) | |
| Chrysikou and Thompson (2016) IRI-28 | B | Unvalued | Not applicable | A/A | Unvalued | B computerized | Not applicable | |
| Ingoglia et al. (2016) IRI-28/IRI-16 | B | A | Not applicable | A/A | Internal consistency – IRI-28/IRI-16:B | C | Not applicable | |
| Budagovskaia et al. (2017) IRI-28 | B | Unvalued | Face validity: A | A/A | Internal consistency: B | C | B (Russian version) | |
| Lucas-Molina et al. (2017) IRI-28 | Unvalued | Unvalued | Not applicable | A/A | Internal consistency: B | C | B (Spanish) | |
| Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy (QCAE) | Reniers et al. (2011) | Unvalued | Unvalued | Face validity: B | A/A | Internal consistency: B | C | Not applicable |
| Di Girolamo et al. (2017) | B | Unvalued | Not applicable | A/A | Internal consistency: Paper-pencil and Online total: A/subscales: B | A paper-pencil | Not applicable | |
| Myszkowski et al. (2017) | Unvalued | Unvalued | Face validity: B | A/A | Internal consistency: B | C | B (French version) | |
| Queirós et al. (2018) | B | Unvalued | Face validity: B | A/A | Internal consistency total: A/subscales: B | C | B (Portuguese version) | |
| Liang et al. (2019) | B | Unvalued | Face validity: A | A/A | Internal consistency total: A/subscales: B Test-retest total: A/subscales: B | C | B (Chinese version) | |
| The Active-Empathic Listening Scale (AELS) | Bodie (2011) | Unvalued | Unvalued | Face validity: C | A/A | Internal consistency total: A/subscales: B | B other-report | Not applicable |
| Gearhart and Bodie (2011) | Unvalued | Unvalued | Not applicable | A/A | Not applicable | C | Not applicable | |
| The Toronto Empathy Questionnaire (TEQ) | Spreng et al. (2009) | B | Unvalued | Face validity: C | A/A | Internal consistency: A | C | Not applicable |
| Totan et al. (2012) | Unvalued | Unvalued | Face validity: B | A/A | Internal consistency: B Test-retest: B | C | B (Turkish version) | |
| Affective and Cognitive Measure of Empathy (ACME) | Vachon and Lynam (2016) | B | Unvalued | Face validity: C | A/A | Internal consistency: A | C | Not applicable |
| Murphy et al. (2018) | Unvalued | Unvalued | Not applicable | A/A | Not applicable | C | Not applicable | |
| Empathy Assessment Index (EAI) | Gerdes et al. (2011) | Unvalued | Unvalued | Face validity:A | A/A | Internal consistency: A Test-retest: B | C | Not applicable |
| Lietz et al. (2011) | Unvalued | Unvalued | Not applicable | A/A | Internal consistency: B Test-retest: B | C | Not applicable | |
| Measure of Empathy and Sympathy (MES) | Wang et al. (2017) | Unvalued | Unvalued | Not applicable | A/A | Internal consistency total: B/subscales: B | C | B (Adult version) |
| Multidimensional Emotional Empathy Scale (MDEES) | Alloway et al. (2016) | B | Unvalued | Not applicable | A/A | Internal consistency: A | C | Not applicable |
| Basic Empathy Scale (BES) | Carré et al. (2013) | B | Unvalued | Not applicable | A/A | Internal consistency: 2 Factors:B/3 Factors: B Test-retest: 2 factors: B/3 factors: B | C | B (Adult version) |
| Empathy Inventory (EI) | Falcone et al. (2013) | Unvalued | Unvalued | Not applicable | A/A | Not applicable | C | Not applicable |
| Multifaceted Empathy Test (MET) | Foell et al. (2018) | Unvalued | Unvalued | Face validity: A | B/B | Internal consistency Cognitive empathy (before/after reduction): C Emotional empathy: A | C | B (English version) |
| The Vicarious Experience Scale (VES) | Oceja Fernández et al. (2009) | Unvalued | Unvalued | Face validity: C | A/A | Internal consistency: B | C | Not applicable |
| Interpersonal and Social Empathy Index (ISEI) | Segal et al. (2013) | Unvalued | Unvalued | Face validity: A | A/A | Internal consistency total:A/subscales: B | C | Not applicable |
| The Mexican Empathy Scale (MxES) | Mendez et al. (2011) | B | Unvalued | Face validity: A | A/A | Internal consistency: B | C | B (English version) |
| Positive Empathy Scale (PES) | Yue et al. (2016) | Unvalued | Unvalued | Face validity: A | A/A | Internal consistency: A Test-retest:A | C | B (Chinese version) |
| Empathic Behavior scale (ECE) | Auné et al. (2017) | Unvalued | Unvalued | Face validity: C | A/A | Internal consistency: A | C | Not applicable |
| Empathy Components Questionnaire (ECQ) | Batchelder et al. (2017) | B | Unvalued | Face validity: A | A/A | Internal consistency: B | C | Not applicable |
| Empathy Gradient Questionnaire (EGQ) | Hollar (2017) | B | Unvalued | Face validity: C | A/A | Internal consistency: A | C | Not applicable |
| Cognitive, Affective, and Somatic Empathy Scales (CASES) | Park et al. (2019) | Unvalued | Unvalued | Face validity: B | A/A | Internal consistency 1 and 2 Factors: A 3 factors: B | C | B (Chinese version for adults) |
| Online Empathy Questionnaire (QoE) | Miguel et al. (2018) | Unvalued | Unvalued | Face validity: C | A/A | Internal consistency total: A/subscales: B Test-retest: A | C | Not applicable |
| Pictorial Empathy Test (PET) | Lindeman et al. (2018) | Unvalued | Unvalued | Face validity: C | A/A | Internal consistency: A | C | Not applicable |
| Single Item Trait Empathy Scale (SITES) | Konrath et al. (2018) | B | Unvalued | Face validity: C | A/A | Test-retest: B | C | Not applicable |
1-Respondent; 2-Administrative.