TABLE 4.
Analysis of psychometric qualities by the different instruments according to the studies analyzed (N = 50) – Part B.
| Instrument | Study | Factor Structure | Convergent/Discriminant | Known groups | Predictive/Responsiveness |
| Empathy Quotient (EQ) | Kim and Lee (2010) EQ-40 | CFA – EQ-40: 3 Factors Model: C CFA – EQ-28: 1 Factor Model: C CFA – EQ-28: Lawrence et al. – 3 Factors Model: B CFA – EQ-15: Muncer and Ling – 3 Factors Model: A | Convergent: B | Gender: B | Not evaluated |
| Preti et al. (2011) EQ-60 | CFA – EQ-60: 3 Factors Model: B | Convergent (related construct): B Discriminant: A | Gender: A | Not evaluated | |
| Rodrigues et al. (2011) EQ-22 | EFA – EQ-22: 4 Factors Model: B | Discriminant: A | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | |
| Gouveia et al. (2012) EQ-15 | CFA – EQ-15: 1 Factor Model: C CFA – EQ-15 – Muncer and Ling – 3 Factors Model: C | Not evaluated | Age: A Gender: A Education: C | Not evaluated | |
| Wright and Skagerberg (2012) EQ-40 | Not evaluated | Convergent: B Convergent (related construct): B Discriminant: A | Gender: A | Not evaluated | |
| Kosonogov (2014) EQ-60 | EFA: B CFA – EQ-60: 1 Factor Model: C CFA – EQ-29 – 3 Factors Model: C CFA – EQ-28 – Lawrence et al. – 3 Factors Model: C CFA – EQ-21 – 3 Factors Model: C CFA – EQ-15 – 3 Factors Model: B CFA – EQ-15 – Muncer and Ling – 3 Factors Model: B CFA – EQ-14 – 1 Factor Model: A | Convergent: B | Gender: A | Not evaluated | |
| Senese et al. (2016) EQ-40 | CFA – EQ-40 – 1 Factor Model: C CFA – EQ-28 – 1 Factor Model: A CFA – EQ-28 – Lawrence et al. – 3 Factors Model: A CFA – EQ-15 – 1 Factor Model: C CFA – EQ-15 – Muncer and Ling – 3 Factors Model: A Measurement invariance: gender | Convergent: B Convergent (related construct): B Discriminant: A | Gender: B | Not evaluated | |
| Kose et al. (2018) EQ-60 | EFA: B | Convergent: C | Gender: A | Not evaluated | |
| Redondo and Herrero-Fernández (2018) EQ-60 | CFA – EQ-28 – Lawrence et al. – 3 Factors Model: A CFA – EQ-23 – 3 Factors Model (factor load > 0.20): A CFA – EQ-23 – 1 Factor Model (factor load > 0.20): A CFA – EQ-15 – Kim and Lee – 3 Factors Model: C CFA – EQ-15 – 1 Factor Model: A | Convergent: B Convergent (related construct): B | Gender: B | Not evaluated | |
| Zhang et al. (2018) EQ-60 | CFA – EQ-29 – 4 Factors Model: A | Not evaluated | Gender: A | Not evaluated | |
| Zhao et al. (2018) EQ-60 | CFA – EQ-40 – 1 Factor Model: C CFA – EQ-40 – Lawrence et al. – 3 Factors Model: C CFA – EQ-22 – Wakabayashi et al. – 1 Factor Model: C CFA – EQ-15 – Muncer and Ling – 3 Factors Model: C CFA – EQ-26 – Alisson et al. – 2 Factors Model: A CFA – EQ-15 – Modified Guan et al. – 1 Factor Model: A CFA – EQ-15 – Guan et al. – 1 Factor Model: A | Convergent: B Convergent (related construct): B | EQ-40: gender: A EQ-15: gender: C | Not evaluated | |
| Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) | Fernández et al. (2011) IRI-28 | CFA – Davis Original 4 Factors Model: C CFA – Cliffordson 2° order 4 Factors Model: C | Convergent (related construct): B | Gender: A | Not evaluated |
| Sampaio et al. (2011) IRI-28 | EFA – 26 items – 4 Factors Model: B CFA – 1 Factor Model: A CFA – 2 Factors Model: A CFA – Davis Original 4 Factors Model: A | Not evaluated | Gender: A | Not evaluated | |
| Gilet et al. (2013) IRI-28 | CFA – 1 Factor Model: C CFA – 2 Factors Model: C CFA – Davis Original 4 Factors Model: C | Convergent: B | Gender: A age: B | Not evaluated | |
| Koller and Lamm (2014) IRI-28 | CFA – 3 Factors Model: A CFA – Davis Original 4 Factors Model: A CFA – 5 Factors Model: A Measurement invariance: gender and age | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | |
| Braun et al. (2015) IRI-28 | Sample 1: EFA – IRI-15 – 4 Factors Model: B CFA – IRI-15 – 4 Factors Model: A CFA – Davis Original Model – 4 Factors: B Sample 2: CFA – IRI-15 – 4 Factors Model: A Measurement invariance: gender | Convergent (related construct): B | Gender: A | Not evaluated | |
| Formiga et al. (2015) IRI-26 | EFA – Ribeiro et al. – 3 Factors Model: A EFA – Sampaio et al. 4 Factors Model: A | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | |
| Chrysikou and Thompson (2016) IRI-28 | CFA – 2 Factors Model: C CFA – Pulos et al. – 3 Factors Model: B CFA – Davis Original 4 | Factors Model: B | Not evaluated | Gender: A | Not evaluated | |
| Ingoglia et al. (2016) IRI-28 IRI-16 | Sample 1: EFA – 16 items – 4 Factors Model: B Sample 2: CFA – 16 items – 4 Factors Model: A Sample 3: CFA – 16 items – 4 factors: A Measurement invariance: gender and age | Convergent (related construct): A | Gender: A | Not evaluated | |
| Budagovskaia et al. (2017) IRI-28 | EFA – Davis Original 4| Factors Model: C | Convergent: A Convergent (related construct): B | Gender: A | Not evaluated | |
| Lucas-Molina et al. (2017) IRI-28 | CFA – Davis Original 4 Factors Model: C CFA – Hawk et al: 4 Factors 2nd order Model: C Measurement invariance: gender | Not evaluated | Gender: B | Not evaluated | |
| Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy (QCAE) | Reniers et al. (2011) | EFA: B CFA – 5 Factors Model – 1st order: A CFA – 5 Factors Model – 2nd order: A | Convergent: A Convergent (related construct): B | Gender: A | Not evaluated |
| Di Girolamo et al. (2017) | CFA – Paper-pencil scales dataset: 1 Factor Model: C Reniers et al. Original 5 Factors Model – 1st order: A Reniers et al. Original 5 Factors Model – 2nd order: A CFA – Online dataset 1 Factor Model: C Reniers et al. Original 5 Factors Model – 1st order: A Reniers et al. Original 5 Factors Model – 2nd order: A Measurement invariance: paper-pencil x online version | Convergent (related construct): Paper-pencil scales dataset: B Online dataset: B | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | |
| Myszkowski et al. (2017) | CFA – Reniers et al. Original 5 Factors Model: A CFA – 5 Factors Model – 2nd order: A CFA – 5 Factors Model (1 inequality constraint): A CFA – 5 Orthogonal Factors Model: C CFA – 5 Factors Model– 2nd order (1 inequality constraint): C CFA – 1 Factor Model: C CFA – 2 Orthogonal Factors Model: C CFA – 2 Correlated Factors Model: C Measurement invariance: gender | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | |
| Queirós et al. (2018) | CFA – Reniers et al. Original 5 Factors Model: B CFA – 5 Factors Model – with 2 correlated 2nd order: B Measurement invariance: gender | Not evaluated | Gender: A | Not evaluated | |
| Liang et al. (2019) | EFA: B CFA – Reniers et al. Original 5 Factors Model: A CFA – 5 Factors Model – 2nd order: A CFA – 4 Factors Model – 1st order: A CFA – 4 Factors Model – 2nd order: A Measurement invariance: gender | Convergent: A Convergent (related construct): C | Gender: A | Not evaluated | |
| The Active-Empathic Listening Scale (AELS) | Bodie (2011) | Sample 1: CFA – self-report – 3 Factors Model: A Sample 2: CFA – other-report – 3 Factors Model: B FIA – Self-report x Other-report – 3 Factors Model: A Measurement invariance: self and other-report version (1st-order factor: measurement weights; 2nd-order factor: structural weights) | Self-report: Convergent: B Convergent (related construct): A Other-report: Convergent (related construct): A | Good/bad listener:A | Not evaluated |
| Gearhart and Bodie (2011) | CFA – 3 Factors Model: A | Convergent (related construct): B | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | |
| The Toronto Empathy Questionnaire (TEQ) | Spreng et al. (2009) | Sample 1/2: EFA: B | Convergent: A Convergent (related construct): B | Gender: A | Not evaluated |
| Totan et al. (2012) | EFA – TEQ-16: 1 Factor Model: B EFA – TEQ-13: 1 Factor Model: C CFA – TEQ-13: 1 Factor Model: A CFA – TEQ-13: 1 Factor Model (with error covariances):A CFA – TEQ-16: 1 Factor Model: A | Convergent: A | Gender: A | Not evaluated | |
| Affective and Cognitive Measure of Empathy (ACME) | Vachon and Lynam (2016) | Sample1/2: CFA – 3 Factors Model: A Measurement invariance: gender | Convergent: A Convergent (related construct): B | Not evaluated | Not evaluated |
| Murphy et al. (2018) | CFA – 3 Factors Model: C CFA – 5 Factors Model: A ESEM – 3 Factors Model: A ESEM – 4 Factors Model: A | Convergent: A Convergent (related construct): A | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | |
| Empathy Assessment Index (EAI) | Gerdes et al. (2011) | EFA: B | Convergent: A | Not evaluated | Not evaluated |
| Lietz et al. (2011) | 1st half of the sample CFA – EAI-40 – 5 Factors Model: C CFA – EAI-24 – 5 Factors Model: B CFA – EAI-24 – 5 Factors Model (with eight error covariance): A CFA – EAI-17 – 5 Factors Model: A CFA – EAI-17 – 5 Factors Model – with correlated error: A 2nd half of the sample CFA – EAI-24 – 5 Factors Model: C CFA – EAI-17 – 5 Factors Model: B CFA – EAI-17 – 5 Factors Model (with eight error covariance): A | Convergent (related construct): B | Gender: B Race: B College majors: B Socioeconomic: B | Not evaluated | |
| Measure of Empathy and Sympathy (MES) | Wang et al. (2017) | EFA: A CFA – 3 Factors Model: A | Convergent: B Convergent (related construct): B | Gender: A | B |
| Multidimensional Emotional Empathy Scale (MDEES) | Alloway et al. (2016) | EFA: B | Convergent (related construct):C | Not evaluated | Not evaluated |
| Basic Empathy Scale (BES) | Carré et al. (2013) | CFA – BES – 1 Factor Model – 20 items: B CFA – BES – 2 Factors Model – 20 items: A CFA – BES – 3 Factors Model – 20 items: A CFA – BES – 3 Factors Model – 19 items: A | Convergent: A Convergent (related construct):C | Gender: A | Not evaluated |
| Empathy Inventory (EI) | Falcone et al. (2013) | Not evaluated | Convergent: A | Not evaluated | Not evaluated |
| Multifaceted Empathy Test (MET) | Foell et al. (2018) | Not evaluated | Convergent: B Convergent (related construct): B | Not evaluated | Not evaluated |
| The Vicarious Experience Scale (VES) | Oceja Fernández et al. (2009) | EFA: C | Convergent: B Discriminant: A | Not evaluated | C |
| Interpersonal and Social Empathy Index (ISEI) | Segal et al. (2013) | EFA – 1 Factor Model: C EFA – Uncorrelated 4 Factors Model: C EFA – Correlated 4 Factors Model: B | Not evaluated | Not evaluated | Not evaluated |
| The Mexican Empathy Scale (MxES) | Mendez et al. (2011) | EFA: B | Convergent: A | Not evaluated | C |
| Positive Empathy Scale (PES) | Yue et al. (2016) | EFA: 1 Factor Model: A CFA: 1 Factor Model: B | Convergent: B Convergent (related construct): B discriminant: A | Not evaluated | Not evaluated |
| Empathic Behavior Scale (ECE) | Auné et al. (2017) | EFA: A | Convergent (related construct): B | Gender: A | Not evaluated |
| Empathy Components Questionnaire (ECQ) | Batchelder et al. (2017) | Sample 1: EFA: B Sample 2: CFA – Model 1: C CFA – Model 2: C CFA – Model 3: C CFA – Model 4: B | Not evaluated | Gender: A | B |
| Empathy Gradient Questionnaire (EGQ) | Hollar (2017) | CFA – 1 Factor Model: B CFA – 5 Factors Model: A | Not evaluated | Age: C Gender: C Race: C | Not evaluated |
| Cognitive, Affective, and Somatic Empathy Scales (CASES) | Park et al. (2019) | CFA – 1 Factor Model: B CFA – 2 Factors Model: B CFA – 3 Factors Model: B | Convergent: A Convergent (related construct): A | Not evaluated | Not evaluated |
| Online Empathy Questionnaire (QoE) | Miguel et al. (2018) | Not evaluated | Convergent (related construct): A | Gender: A | Not evaluated |
| Pictorial Empathy Test (PET) | Lindeman et al. (2018) | CFA – 1 Factor Model: B CFA – 1 Factor Model (with correlated error): A | Convergent: B Convergent (related construct): B discriminant: A | Gender: A | Not evaluated |
| Single Item Trait Empathy Scale (SITES) | Konrath et al. (2018) | Not evaluated | Convergent: B Convergent (related construct): B | Gender: A | Not evaluated |
CFA, confirmatory factor analysis; EFA, exploratory factor analysis; ESEM, exploratory structural equation model.