FIG 3.

Association of exposure/infection group with antibody levels in multivariable linear regression models. Forest plots show the association of the MAL+ HEL+ group with (A) IgG levels to P. falciparum antigens, magnitude, and breadth of response or (B) IgG levels to helminth antigens, magnitude, and breadth of response. In (C), the association of MAL+ HEL+ group or the MAL− HEL+ group with IgE levels was assessed. The magnitude of response was calculated as the sum of all specific IgG levels to the different antigens belonging to P. falciparum or helminths. The breadth was defined as the number of seropositive antigen-specific IgG responses. Multivariable linear regression models were fitted to calculate the estimates (dots) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) (lines). The represented values are the transformed betas and CI showing the percentage increase in comparison with the reference category for IgG levels to antigens, total IgE and magnitude of response (log-linear models), and the untransformed betas and CI showing the increase in units in comparison with the reference category for the breadth of response (linear-linear models) (see “Statistical analysis” section for more details). The color of the dots represents the P value significance after adjustment for multiple testing by Benjamini-Hochberg, where ns denotes not significant and *, P value ≤ 0.05; **, P value  ≤  0.01; ***, P value  ≤  0.001. Models were adjusted by age and percentage of P. falciparum-infected individuals by location for P. falciparum antigens, age for helminth antigens, and sex, percentage of helminth-infected individuals by location, ownership of latrine, piped water accessibility, payment for water, and socioeconomic score for total IgE. MSP1 bl 2, MSP1 block 2; MAL+ HEL+, coexposure/coinfection with P. falciparum and helminths; MAL+ HEL−, only exposure/infection with P. falciparum; MAL− HEL+, only exposure/infection with helminths.