c-di-GMP-dependent cell chaining is dependent on CmrT. (A and B) Representative phase-contrast micrographs (A) and quantification of cell length using ImageJ (B) of R20291 pMC211 (RT526), R20291 pDccA (RT527), R20291 cmrT pMC211 (RT2283), and R20291 cmrT pDccA (RT2284) grown on 70:30 sporulation agar supplemented with 2 μg/ml thiamphenicol and 0.5 μg/m nisin at H24. For panel B, cell lengths of 100 bacterial cells from 3 biological replicates were measured (n = 300). The violin plot shows distributions, medians, and quartiles. ****, P < 0.0001 (by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s posttest compared to all other strains). (C) Ethanol-resistant sporulation assays of R20291 pMC211 (RT526), R20291 pDccA (RT527), R20291 cmrT pMC211 (RT2283), and R20291 cmrT pDccA (RT2284) grown on 70:30 sporulation agar supplemented with 2 μg/ml thiamphenicol and 0.5 μg/m nisin at H24. The means and standard errors of the means from at least three biological replicates are shown. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; ****, P < 0.0001 (by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s posttest).