Table 2.
Male study population: demographic and clinical characteristics and results of the survival analyses (n = 11,162).
| All | Participants (n, %) |
Current smokers (n, %) |
Deaths (n, %) |
Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) |
p value |
Adjusted HR (95% CI) |
p value |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 11,162 (100%) | 9790 (87.7%) | 1307 (11.7%) | ||||||
| Age | <15 | 118 (1.1%) | 99 (83.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | – | – | – | – |
| 15–25 | 1944 (17.4%) | 1745 (89.8%) | 57 (2.9%) | 0.46 (0.34–0.61) | <0.001 | 0.49 (0.37–0.66) | <0.001 | |
| 25–35 | 2774 (24.9%) | 2484 (89.5%) | 142 (5.1%) | 0.7 (0.57–0.87) | 0.001 | 0.72 (0.58–0.89) | 0.002 | |
| 35–45 | 2881 (25.8%) | 2560 (88.9%) | 237 (8.2%) | Reference | Reference | – | ||
| 45–55 | 1850 (16.6%) | 1609 (87,0%) | 269 (14.5%) | 1.9 (1.59–2.26) | <0.001 | 1.83 (1.53–2.19) | <0.001 | |
| 55–65 | 916 (8.2%) | 786 (85.8%) | 255 (27.8%) | 3.83 (3.21–4.57) | <0.001 | 3.51 (2.92–4.23) | <0.001 | |
| 65+ | 679 (6.1%) | 507 (74.7%) | 347 (51.1%) | 9.82 (8.32–11.6) | <0.001 | 9.67 (8.08–11.6) | <0.001 | |
| Ethnicity | White | 5512 (49.4%) | 4868 (88.3%) | 847 (15.4%) | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| Black Caribbean | 1193 (10.7%) | 1058 (88.7%) | 166 (13.9%) | 0.73 (0.62–0.86) | <0.001 | 0.73 (0.61–0.86) | <0.001 | |
| Black African | 2686 (24.1%) | 2379 (88.6%) | 160 (6.0%) | 0.62 (0.52–0.74) | <0.001 | 0.64 (0.53–0.76) | <0.001 | |
| South Asian | 301 (2.7%) | 236 (78.4%) | 35 (11.6%) | 0.76 (0.54–1.07) | 0.111 | 0.82 (0.58–1.15) | 0.243 | |
| Othera | 758 (6.8%) | 667 (88.0%) | 55 (7.3%) | 0.78 (0.59–1.03) | 0.079 | 0.81 (0.61–1.06) | 0.128 | |
| Not known | 712 (6.4%) | 582 (81.7%) | 44 (6.2%) | – | – | – | – | |
| Marital status | Single | 8274 (74.1%) | 7395 (89.4%) | 900 (10.9%) | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| Married | 974 (8.7%) | 749 (76.9%) | 139 (14.3%) | 0.8 (0.67–0.97) | 0.019 | 0.92 (0.76–1.11) | 0.364 | |
| Separated | 926 (8.3%) | 797 (86.1%) | 209 (22.6%) | 0.96 (0.82–1.13) | 0.656 | 1.02 (0.87–1.19) | 0.827 | |
| Not known | 988 (8.9%) | 849 (85.9%) | 59 (6.0%) | – | – | – | – | |
| Deprivation | 1st (High) | 1555 (13.9%) | 1290 (83.0%) | 175 (11.3%) | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| 2nd | 7047 (63.1%) | 6217 (88.2%) | 837 (11.9%) | 0.95 (0.81–1.12) | 0.561 | 0.95 (0.81–1.13) | 0.582 | |
| 3rd–5th (Low) | 1632 (14.6%) | 1442 (88.4%) | 224 (13.7%) | 1.1 (0.90–1.35) | 0.333 | 1.1 (0.90–1.35) | 0.334 | |
| Not known | 928 (8.3%) | 841 (90.6%) | 71 (7.7%) | – | – | – | – | |
| Primary diagnosis | Schizophrenia | 8147 (73.0%) | 7244 (88.9%) | 1005 (12.3%) | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| Schizoaffective disorder | 520 (4.7%) | 468 (90.0%) | 34 (6.5%) | 0.58 (0.41–0.81) | 0.002 | 0.57 (0.40–0.80) | 0.001 | |
| Bipolar affective disorder | 2495 (22.4%) | 2078 (83.3%) | 268 (10.7%) | 0.85 (0.74–0.97) | 0.015 | 0.82 (0.71–0.94) | 0.005 | |
| Psychiatric admission | No | 5963 (53.4%) | 5022 (84.2%) | 717 (12.0%) | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| Yes | 5199 (46.6%) | 4768 (91.7%) | 590 (11.3%) | 0.91 (0.81–1.01) | 0.078 | 0.93 (0.83–1.04) | 0.198 | |
| Personality disorder | No | 10,267 (92.0%) | 8941 (87.1%) | 1237 (12.0%) | Reference | – | ||
| Yes | 895 (8.0%) | 849 (94.9%) | 70 (7.8%) | 0.91 (0.73–1.15) | 0.444 | 0.77 (0.61–0.97) | 0.028 | |
| Alcohol use disorder | No | 10,158 (91.0%) | 8825 (86.9%) | 1133 (11.2%) | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| Yes | 1004 (9.0%) | 965 (96.1%) | 174 (17.3%) | 1.6 (1.36–1.88) | <0.001 | 1.46 (1.23–1.72) | <0.001 | |
| Opioid use disorder | No | 10,747 (96.3%) | 9382 (87.3%) | 1254 (11.7%) | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| Yes | 415 (3.7%) | 408 (98.3%) | 53 (12.8%) | 1.82 (1.38–2.41) | <0.001 | 1.46 (1.08–1.97) | 0.014 | |
| Other substance use disorder | No | 9465 (84.8%) | 8118 (85.8%) | 1178 (12.4%) | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| Yes | 1697 (15.2%) | 1672 (98.5%) | 129 (7.6%) | 1.13 (0.94–1.37) | 0.192 | 0.97 (0.79–1.19) | 0.789 | |
| Current smoker | No | 1372 (12.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 139 (10.1%) | Reference | – | Reference | – |
| Yes | 9790 (87.7%) | 9790 (100%) | 1168 (11.9%) | 1.58 (1.33–1.89) | <0.001 | 1.49 (1.25–1.79) | <0.001 |
a
Other ethnicity includes: Chinese, Any other ethnic group, Any other mixed background and White and Asian categories.