FIGURE 9.

Alveoli-like structures printed using stereolithography (Reproduced from Reference (Grigoryan et al., 2019)). (A) Designs that mimic the lung structures where gas exchange occurs as part of the respiration process. (B) Printed hydrogel containing the distal lung subunit was perfused with red blood cells in the outside channels while the sac was ventilated with O₂ (scale bar, 1 mm). (C) The printed unit can withstand ventilation cycles, and the model showed sensitivity of the red blood cells to the ventilation gas (N₂ or O₂).