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. 2021 Nov 17;79(1):159–169. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.121.18449

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© 2021 The Authors.

Hypertension is published on behalf of the American Heart Association, Inc., by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited, the use is noncommercial, and no modifications or adaptations are made.

This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic or until permissions are revoked in writing. Upon expiration of these permissions, PMC is granted a perpetual license to make this article available via PMC and Europe PMC, consistent with existing copyright protections.

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Figure 1. — Temporal causal relationships between arterial measures and body fat. Cross-lagged temporal analysis of arterial stiffness (A) and carotid intima-media thickness (B) progression with higher trunk fat mass among 3862 adolescents from the ALSPAC (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children) birth cohort. Analyses were adjusted for sex, time in years between ages 17.7 and 24.5 y, and other covariates at 17.7 y such as age, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, insulin, triglyceride, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, heart rate, fasting blood glucose, systolic blood pressure, lean mass, moderate to vigorous physical activity at 15.5 y, smoking status and family history of hypertension/diabetes/high cholesterol/vascular disease. Skewed variables were logarithmically transformed before analyses. β, standardized regression. PWV indicates pulse wave velocity