Table 1. Association between diabetic nephropathy and/or retinopathy and adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes.
| Outcomes | No. of studies | Events in women with disease | Events in women with no disease | OR (95% CI) | p-value | I2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal outcomes | ||||||
| Preeclampsia | 9 | 92/273 | 95/1,196 | 5.89 (3.85, 9.02) | <0.01 | 13.8% |
| Pregnancy-induced hypertension | 2 | 26/172 | 15/455 | 2.33 (0.10, 51.95) | 0.59 | 86.7% |
| Preterm birth <34/40 | 3 | 19/73 | 17/371 | 8.49 (1.87, 38.63) | 0.01 | 64.9% |
| Preterm birth <37/40 | 7 | 253/502 | 575/1,882 | 2.29 (1.85, 2.83) | <0.01 | 0.0% |
| Caesarean birth | 6 | 210/248 | 341/769 | 5.40 (2.48, 11.78) | <0.01 | 60.4% |
| Perinatal outcomes | ||||||
| Congenital abnormality | 3 | 30/102 | 58/245 | 1.30 (0.75, 2.26) | 0.35 | 0.0% |
| Small for gestational age fetus | 5 | 21/349 | 11/505 | 2.49 (1.12, 5.57) | 0.03 | 0.0% |
| Large for gestational age fetus | 5 | 129/284 | 185/447 | 1.10 (0.80, 1.52) | 0.54 | 0.0% |
| Perinatal death | 5 | 18/733 | 24/1,218 | 2.85 (0.46, 17.77) | 0.26 | 75.9% |
| Neonatal unit admission | 2 | 129/643 | 149/648 | 1.21 (0.91, 1.63) | 0.19 | 0.0% |
| Neonatal hypoglycemia | 4 | 53/145 | 146/514 | 1.09 (0.56, 2.14) | 0.80 | 55.6% |
CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.