Table 2. Risk factors for worsening or new onset retinopathy in pregnant women with preexisting diabetes.
| Risk factors | No. of studies | Events in women with risk factor | Events in women without risk factor | OR (95% CI) | p-value | I2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any existing retinopathy | 15 | 283/817 | 284/1,163 | 2.64 (1.47, 4.75) | <0.01 | 79.7% |
| Background/preproliferative retinopathy | 4 | 57/163 | 35/186 | 1.94 (0.69, 5.42) | 0.21 | 60.2% |
| Proliferative retinopathy | 7 | 31/73 | 89/311 | 2.12 (1.11, 4.04) | 0.02 | 12.1% |
| Macular edema | 2 | 4/14 | 29/154 | 1.54 (0.46, 5.14) | 0.49 | 0.0% |
| Previous photocoagulation | 3 | 6/48 | 42/174 | 0.85 (0.16, 4.67) | 0.85 | 65.9% |
| Nephropathy | 4 | 32/95 | 171/754 | 1.68 (1.05, 2.69) | 0.03 | 0.0% |
| White ethnicity | 2 | 101/230 | 132/160 | 1.90 (0.76, 4.73) | 0.17 | 0.0% |
| Nulliparity | 4 | 124/404 | 166/576 | 1.75 (1.28, 2.40) | <0.01 | 0.0% |
| Smoking | 5 | 24/60 | 92/396 | 2.31 (1.25, 4.27) | <0.01 | 0.0% |
CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.