. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Aug 26.

Published in final edited form as: JBJS Rev. 2021 Aug 26;9(8):10.2106/JBJS.RVW.20.00220. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.RVW.20.00220

TABLE III.

Progress in the Clinical Development of Orthopaedic Gene Therapy Applications^*

Application	Preclinical	Clinical Trial			Approval
Application	Preclinical	Phase I	Phase II	Phase III	Approval
Osteoarthritis	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	^*
Rheumatoid arthritis	Yes	Yes	Yes
Cartilage repair	Yes	^†	^†
Bone-healing	Yes	Yes
Aseptic loosening	Yes	Yes
Intervertebral disc degeneration	Yes
Ligament, tendon	Yes
Mendelian disorders, cancer	Yes

Invossa, an ex vivo gene therapeutic for osteoarthritis, was approved in South Korea in 2017, but its approval was retracted in 2019. It is currently in Phase-III trials in the U.S.

^†

Invossa has been studied in 1 Phase-I/II clinical trial for cartilage repair. The results have not been published.