Table 1.
Association between persistent low-level viremia in PLWH under ART (current studies)
| ART regimen in pLLV | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | STUDY | N | Follow-up (years) | pLLV patients (n) | pLLV definition (cp/mL) |
VF definition (cp/mL) | VF (YES/NO) |
NRTIs + PI/r | NRTIs + NNRTI/II | Others |
| 2015 | [27] | 17,902 | 2.7 | 624 | VL = 50–199 | VL ≥ 200 | Yes, between 200–499 | 351 | 273 | - |
| 482 | VL = 200–499 | 237 | 244 | - | ||||||
| 2015 | [24] | 2374 | 11 | 205 | VL = 50–199 | VL ≥200 | Yes | 135 | 70 | - |
| 2015 | [23] | 2276 | 1 | 127 | VL ≤ 50 | VL ≥ 200 | No | 114 | 108 | - |
| 95 | VL = 51–199 | - | ||||||||
| 2017 | [32] | 1015 | 20 | 716 | VL < 50 | VL ≥ 1000 | Yes, between 200–999 | UNS | UNS | - |
| 46 | VL = 50–199 | |||||||||
| 52 | VL = 200–999 | |||||||||
| 2018 | [30] | 5986 | 11 | 237 | VL = 50–199 | VL ≥ 500 | Yes, between 200–499 | 100 | 124 | 13 |
| 168 | VL = 200–499 | 82 | 69 | 17 | ||||||
| 2018 | [31] | 70,930 | 9 | 9901 | VL = 51–199 | VL ≥ 1000 | Yes | UNS | UNS | - |
| 3358 | VL = 200–399 | |||||||||
| 3609 | VL = 400–999 | |||||||||
| 2019 | [28] | 2795 | 10 | 152 | VL = 51–200 | VL ≥ 200 | Yes | UNS | UNS | - |
| 110 | VL = 201–500 | |||||||||
| 2019 | [25] | 2006 | 21.8 | 374 | iLLV: VL = 50–199 on < 25% of measurements | VL ≥ 200* or > 1000** |
Yes, in iLLV patients. | UNS | UNS | - |
| 152 | pLLV: VL = 50–199 on ≥ 25% of measurements | - | ||||||||
| 2020 | [33] | 508 | 8 | 86 | VL = 50–1000 | VL > 1000 | Yes | 5 | 81 | - |
Notes: pLLV: Persistent low-level viremia, VF: Virological failure, VL: Viral load, cp/mL: Copies/mL; ART: Antiretroviral treatment; iLLV: Intermittent LLV; UNS: Unspecified. NRTI: Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; PI: Protease inhibitors; NNRTI: Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; II: Integrase inhibitors. * On two consecutive measurements. ** During ART and six months after initiation of ART.