Table-2.
Detail of included studies.
| Type of study | Animal species (number of animals used) | Types of infection | Period of infection (days) | Result | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Animal model | Cat (10) | AI, NI | 1-2 | a. Asymptomatic clinical sign b. RNA virus was detected in respiratory swab until day 21, however, in non-respiratory organ start from day 3 to 21 c. Histopathology indicated mild-moderate lymphocytic neutrophilic adenitis until day 7, and no histopathological changes on day 21 d. SARS-CoV-2 RNA antigen was found in bronchi on days 4, 7, and absence on day 21 e. Virus neutralizing antibody found in days 5-21 |
[11] |
| Animal model | Ferret (5), cat (7), dog (7), pig (8), chicken (8), duck (8) | AI, NI | Varies from 1 to 10 | a. RNA virus was highest detected from nasal and turbinate in ferret and cat b. NA virus was not detected from an oropharyngeal and rectal swab in pig, chicken, and duck, however, was detected in the dog (1/5) |
[12] |
| Animal model | Cat (7), dog (3) | AI, NI | 1 – 42 | a. Dog and cat groups did not show any clinical signs b. Viral shedding was found in the cat’s nasal on day 3, and it was observed following oral exposure from 24 h PI c. Viral shedding was not found in the dog d. All cats showed moderate histopathological changes on day 5 and it becomes minimal in 42 days PI e. All model showed seronegative against SARS-CoV-2 f. They developed neutralizing antibody as early as 7 days after infection g. After reinfection, the viral was not found in any cats |
[13] |
| Animal model | Cat (4) | AI, NI | 1 – 10 | a. Virus was detected from day 1 to 6 PI along to the clinical signs b. The virus can be transmitted through contact through cohoused c. There is a potential of human-cat-human transmission |
[14] |
| Animal model | Tree shrew (38) | AI | 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 | a. There is an increase in body temperature in tree shrews until the day 8 PI b. An increase in body temperature occurs more severely in old tree shrews c. RNA virus was detected on the day 6 PI in several specimens, including nasal, throat, an anal swab, and blood d. Viral shedding gradually decreased on the day 12 PI in young tree shrews, however not in the old groups e. Moderate pneumonia occurs in all groups, and mild histopathological change occurs in the brain, liver, pancreas, and heart f. SARS-CoV-2 caused asymptomatic infection in young, and affect men severely than a woman |
[15] |
| Animal model | Swine (18) | AI, NI | 1, 4, 8, 21 | a. SARS-CoV-2 was able to replicate in swine cell lines and causes cytopathic effects b. This virus did not cause any clinical signs in swine, viral shedding, and antibody responses c. Pig is unlikely to act as the reservoir of SARS-CoV-2 |
[16] |
| Surveillance | Pig (187), cow (107), sheep (133), horse (18), chicken (153), duck (153), goose (25), mice (81), rat (67), guinea pig (30), rabbit (34), monkey (39), dog (487), cat (87), wild animal (313), ferret (1) | - | - | All serum samples from collected animals were negative regarding its antibody against SARS-CoV-2 | [17] |
| Surveillance | Cat (9), dog (12) | NI | - | SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody was not detected in those animals even have repeated contact with the infected human | [18] |
| Surveillance | Cat (920) | - | - | a. There is 0.69% (6/920) serum samples were positively detected contain antibody against SARS-CoV-2 b. High incidence of human infected with SARS-CoV-2 in German has low transmission to cats population c. It indicated that there is a human-cat transmission regarding SARS-CoV-2, however, it does not prove that there is a circulation of this virus among the cat population |
[19] |
| Surveillance | Cat (50) | - | - | a. There are 6 (12%) cases of human-cat transmission regarding SARS-CoV-2 b. Only one sample has an identic virus genome sequence with the owner c. There is a potential of transmission but very low |
[20] |
| Case report | Pomeranian dog (1), German Shepherd (1) | NI | Varies from 1-13 | a. RNA virus was detected from a nasal and oral swab in Pomeranian dog (days 2, 5, and 9), negative on day 12, and reported dead on day 15 b. RNA virus was detected from a nasal and oral swab in German Shepherd (days 1 and 2), negative on day 3 |
[21] |
| Case report | Cat (2) | NI | - | a. Cat A showed clinical signs including sneezing, ocular discharge, and mild lethargy that confirmed positive SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cat A is fully recovering in 8 days AD b. Cat B showed similar clinical signs to cat A, and fully recovered in 2 days AD c. It is suspected that cat can produce specific antibody against SARS-CoV-2 infection |
[22] |
(-)=unclearly understood, AI=Artificial infection, NI=Natural infection/direct contact with an infected population, PI=Post-infection, AD=After diagnosed positive. SARS-CoV-2=Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2