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. 2021 Dec 8;11:23670. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-03244-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

The RAAS pathway and its relationship to SARS-CoV(1 and 2) viruses. Upon entry to cells, the SARS-CoV is known to bind to its functional receptor, angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). In normal physiology, renin cleaves angiotensinogen, produced by the liver which yields angiotensin I. The angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II and the angiotensin II binds to the angiotensin II type 1 receptor which leads to vasoconstriction, aggravated tissue injury and hormonal production. ACE2 cleaves angiotensin II into angiotensin (1–7) to attenuate the effects of vasoconstriction. Another function of ACE2 involves cleaving angiotensin I to angiotensin-(1–9) for the hydrolysis of peptides such as apelin-1. Aliskiren is a direct renin inhibitor that blocks the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. Captopril is an ACE-I that blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Olmesartan is an ARB ACE-I: Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor, ARB: Angiotensin Receptor Blocker, ACE: Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-1, ACE2: Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2.