Table 9.
Microbiological testing
| Cultures taken from patients on hospital admission till extubation and/or ICU discharge | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st collection | 2nd collection | 3rd collection | 4th collection | 5th collection | 6th collection | |||||||
| Non-ECMO | ECMO | Non-ECMO | ECMO | Non-ECMO | ECMO | Non-ECMO | ECMO | Non-ECMO | ECMO | Non-ECMO | ECMO | |
| Biospecimen type | ||||||||||||
| Blood | 735 (52.9) | 52 (56.5) | 388 (27.9) | 42 (45.7) | 233 (16.8) | 17 (18.5) | 166 (12) | 15 (16.3) | 95 (6.8) | 9 (9.8) | 60 (4.3) | 6 (6.5) |
| Respiratory culture or tracheal aspirate | 87 (6.3) | 24 (26.1) | 115 (8.3) | 10 (10.9) | 137 (9.9) | 12 (13) | 83 (6) | 10 (10.9) | 53 (3.8) | 8 (8.7) | 32 (2.3) | 3 (3.3) |
| Sputum | 118 (8.5) | 6 (6.5) | 82 (5.9) | 15 (16.3) | 76 (5.5) | 20 (21.7) | 28 (2) | 10 (10.9) | 13 (0.9) | 8 (8.7) | 6 (0.4) | 5 (5.4) |
| Urine | 222 (16) | 7 (7.6) | 387 (27.9) | 17 (18.5) | 210 (15.1) | 11 (12) | 83 (6) | 13 (14.1) | 34 (2.4) | 10 (10.9) | 34 (2.4) | 9 (9.8) |
| Bronchoalveolar lavage | 4 (0.3) | 1 (1.1) | 3 (0.2) | 2 (2.2) | 4 (0.3) | 2 (2.2) | 3 (0.2) | 1 (1.1) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Result | ||||||||||||
| Negative | 958 (69) | 39 (42.4) | 781 (56.2) | 34 (37) | 459 (33) | 25 (27.2) | 223 (16.1) | 18 (19.6) | 122 (8.8) | 11 (12) | 72 (5.2) | 13 (14.1) |
| Positive | 202 (14.5) | 53 (57.6) | 185 (13.3) | 52 (56.5) | 196 (14.1) | 39 (42.4) | 140 (10.1) | 31 (33.7) | 74 (5.3) | 24 (26.1) | 60 (4.3) | 10 (10.9) |
| Pathogen detected (if positive) | ||||||||||||
| Gram-positive bacteria (no specific resistance pattern) | 41 (3) | 4 (4.3) | 22 (1.6) | 2 (2.2) | 15 (1.1) | 2 (2.2) | 18 (1.3) | 2 (2.2) | 5 (0.4) | 0 | 1 (0.1) | 0 |
| Vancomycin resistant enterococcus (VRE) | 3 (0.2) | 1 (1.1) | 3 (0.2) | 0 | 2 (0.1) | 1 (1.1) | 3 (0.2) | 0 | 1 (0.1) | 0 | 1 (0.1) | 0 |
| Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) | 7 (0.5) | 2 (2.2) | 4 (0.3) | 1 (1.1) | 4 (0.3) | 1 (1.1) | 2 (0.1) | 0 | 1 (0.1) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) | 7 (0.5) | 3 (3.3) | 9 (0.6) | 0 | 2 (0.1) | 0 | 6 (0.4) | 0 | 3 (0.2) | 0 | 1 (0.1) | 0 |
| Enterobacteriaceae (sensitive) | 5 (0.4) | 2 (2.2) | 5 (0.4) | 1 (1.1) | 6 (0.4) | 0 | 2 (0.1) | 2 (2.2) | 2 (0.1) | 0 | 0 | 1 (1.1) |
| Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL) | 7 (0.5) | 2 (2.2) | 11 (0.8) | 3 (3.3) | 6 (0.4) | 2 (2.2) | 5 (0.4) | 1 (1.1) | 4 (0.3) | 1 (1.1) | 2 (0.1) | 0 |
| Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) | 6 (0.4) | 6 (6.5) | 3 (0.2) | 4 (4.3) | 7 (0.5) | 6 (6.5) | 6 (0.4) | 2 (2.2) | 7 (0.5) | 5 (5.4) | 5 (0.4) | 0 |
| Enterobacteriaceae (MDR) | 2 (0.1) | 1 (1.1) | 8 (0.6) | 2 (2.2) | 3 (0.2) | 0 | 2 (0.1) | 1 (1.1) | 4 (0.3) | 1 (1.1) | 4 (0.3) | 0 |
| Enterobacteriaceae (XDR) | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.1) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.1) | 0 | 1 (0.1) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Pseudomonas (Sensitive) | 9 (0.6) | 3 (3.3) | 7 (0.5) | 2 (2.2) | 14 (1) | 0 | 5 (0.4) | 1 (1.1) | 4 (0.3) | 1 (1.1) | 1 (0.1) | 0 |
| Pseudomonas (MDR) | 3 (0.2) | 1 (1.1) | 3 (0.2) | 6 (6.5) | 8 (0.6) | 5 (5.4) | 3 (0.2) | 7 (7.6) | 4 (0.3) | 3 (3.3) | 1 (0.1) | 1 (1.1) |
| Pseudomonas (XDR) | 0 | 1 (1.1) | 0 | 1 (1.1) | 0 | 0 | 2 (0.1) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Acinetobacter (sensitive) | 4 (0.3) | 1 (1.1) | 4 (0.3) | 1 (1.1) | 3 (0.2) | 0 | 3 (0.2) | 0 | 1 (0.1) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Acinetobacter (MDR) | 24 (1.7) | 6 (6.5) | 33 (2.4) | 9 (9.8) | 31 (2.2) | 8 (8.7) | 32 (2.3) | 3 (3.3) | 10 (0.7) | 1 (1.1) | 8 (0.6) | 5 (5.4) |
| Aspergillus | 3 (0.2) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 (0.1) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Candida | 43 (3.1) | 5 (5.4) | 48 (3.5) | 8 (8.7) | 62 (4.5) | 6 (6.5) | 29 (2.1) | 3 (3.3) | 18 (1.3) | 4 (4.3) | 17 (1.2) | 2 (2.2) |
| Other | 56 (4) | 26 (28.3) | 45 (3.2) | 18 (19.6) | 51 (3.7) | 15 (16.3) | 38 (2.7) | 12 (13) | 24 (1.7) | 9 (9.8) | 23 (1.7) | 3 (3.3) |
Data are presented as number (%)
CRE carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, ECMO extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, ESBL extended-spectrum b-lactamase, ICU intensive care unit, MDR multidrug-resistant, XDR extensively drug-resistant