Table 3.
Hemolytic flares in patients with cold agglutinin disease (CAD) and warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia (wAIHA) during COVID-19 infection.
| Study type | Population of CAD | N° | Time to AIHA | Clinical presentation | Covid treatment | Covid outcome | CAD treatment | CAD outcome | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case report | Adult (54y, M) | 1 | – | Pneumonia | Hydroxychloroquine, tocilizumab, plasma exchange | Resolved | Steroids, plasma exchange | Resolved | Ramos-Ruperto et al., SN Compr Clin Med 2021 (25) |
| Case series | Adult (62y, F) | 3 | 4 days | Severe pneumoniae | Not reported | Resolved | Steroid, rituximab | Remission | Lazarian et al., Br J Haematol 2020 (26) |
| Adult (69y, F) | 10 days | Moderate pneumoniae | steroids | Remission | |||||
| Adult (61y, M) | 11 days | Mild pneumoniae | transfusion | Still active hemolysis | |||||
| Case report | Adult (49y, F) | 1 | Not reported | Severe pneumonia | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Ahmadnezhad et al., Hematol Transfus Cell Ther 2020 (27) |
| Case report | Adult (46y, F) | 1 | Not reported | Pneumonia | Not reported | Death | Not reported | Death | Zagorski Br J Haematol 2020 (28) |
| Case report | Adult (51y, F) | 1 | Concomitant | Pulmonary embolism | Heparin | Resolved | transfusion | Remission | Patil et al., Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther 2020 (29) |
| Case report | Adult (70y, M) | 1 | Concomitant | Not reported | steroids | Resolved | Transfusion, plasma exchange | Remission | Ahmed et al., BMJ Case Rep 2021 (30) |
| Case report | Adult (24y, F) | 1 | 3 days | Pneumonia | Favipiravir, darunavir/ritonavir, azithromycin | Resolved | None | Remission, spontaneous | Moonla et al., Clin Case Rep 2020 (31) |
| Case report | Adult (77y, M) | 1 | 9 days | Pneumonia | Intravenous steroids, antibiotics, hydroxychloroquine | Death | Transfusion | NR | Gupta et al., Eur J Case Rep Intern Med 2021 (32) |
| Case report | Adult (48y, M) | 1 | Concomitant | DVT, cerebrovascular disease | ND | Death | Transfusion | NR | Maslov et al., TH Open 2020 (33) |
| Clinical trial | Adult (33y, F) | 1 | Concomitant | Pneumonia | Steroids, tocilizumab | Resolved | Transfusion, steroids, rituximab 600 mg single infusion | Remission after rituximab | Jacobs et al., Transfusion 2021 (34) |
| Case report | Adult (62y, M) | 1 | 16 days | Pneumonia | Intubation | Resolved | Transfusion | Remission | Capes et al., Ann Hematol 2020 (35) |
| Case report | Adult (69y, F) | 1 | 20 days | Not reported | Levofloxacin, steroids | Resolved | Steroids, rituximab, Intravenous immunoglobulins |
Remission | Aldaghlawi et al., Clin Case Rep 2021 (36) |
| Case series | Adult (43y, F) | 2 | 6 days | Pneumonia | Oxygen, antibiotics | Resolved | Transfusion | Remission | Huscenot et al., Ann Hematol 2020 (37) |
| Adult (63y, M) | Not reported | Remission | |||||||
| Case report | Adult (45 y, M) | 1 | Concomitant | Pneumonia | Not reported | Not reported | Transfusion | Not reported | Raghuwanshi, Cureus 2020 (38) |
| Case report | Adult (61 y, M) | 1 | 21 days | Pneumonia | Intubation, hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, methylprednisolone | Resolved | None | Spontaneous recovery | Kaur et al., Cureus 2020 (39) |
| Case report | Adult (17y, M) | 1 | Concomitant | Mild pneumonia | None | Resolved | Steroids, transfusion | Remission | Wahlster Pediatr Blood Cancer 2020 (40) |
| Case report | Adult (48y, M) | 1 | 6 days | Severe pneumonia | mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, sedation | Resolved | Transfusion | Remission | Hassanein et al., J Med Cases 2021 (41) |
| Cohort study | Adult (71y, F) | 1/108 CAD patients | 4 days | Severe pneumonia | oxygen, hydroxychloroquine, azithromycine, lopinavir/ritonavir | Resolved | Steroids, transfusions | Remission | Barcellini et al., Front Immunol 2021 (42) |
| Study type | Population of wAIHA | N° | Time to AIHA | Presentation | Covid treatment | Covid outcome | AIHA treatment | AIHA outcome | Ref |
| Case report | Adult (54y, M)IgG+ | 1 | – | Pneumonia, diabetic ketoacidosis, acute kidney injury, hematuria, and anemia | – | Resolved | Steroids | Resolved | Huda et al., Cureus 2021 (43) |
| Case report | Adult (33y, F)IgG+C+ | 1 | – | Asymoptomatic | – | . | Transfusions, Steroids | Resolved | Liput et al., Cureus 2021 (44) |
| Case series | Adult (72y,F) IgG+ | 2/3 | concomitant | Bilateral pneumonia in both | Hydroxychloroquine, dexamethasone and tocilizumab | Resolved | Transfusion, steroids | Resolved | Ramos-Ruperto et al., SN Compr Clin Med 2021 (25) |
| Adult (76y,F) IgG+ | |||||||||
| Case series | Adult (61y,M) IgG+C+ | 4/6 | 13 days | Moderate pneumonia | Oxygen, Steroids, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir and ritonavir. | Resolved | Steroids and transfusions, rituximab in 1 | Not resolved at the time of publication | Lazarian et al., Br J Haematol 2020 (26) |
| Adult (89y,F) IgG+ | 7 days | Mild pneumonia | |||||||
| Adult (61y,M) IgG+ | 9 days | Severe pneumonia | |||||||
| Adult (75y,M) IgG+ | 6 days | Moderate pneumonia | |||||||
| Case report | Adult (24y,M) IgG+C AIHA | 1 | concomitant | Fever, myalgias and cough, pulmonary embolism, encephalitis | Steroids, anticoagulants, intubation, vasopressors, intravenous immunoglobulin | Superimposed Cryptococcus neoformans infection and death | Steroids, cyclophosphamide | Partial remission | Woldie et al., J Med Cases 2020 (45) |
| Retrospective study | Adult (59y,M) IgG+ | 2/139 | – | Bilateral pneumonia and dysimmune encephalitis | intubation, steroids, hydroxychloroquine, tocilizumab, darunavir, and LMWH prophylaxis, IvIg | Resolved | Nothing | Remission | Barcellini et al., Front Immunol 2020 (42) |
| Adult (78y,M) IgG+ | 3 weeks | moderate pneumonia | oxygen support, steroids, HCQ, azithromycine, full-dose LMWH | Steroids and IVIG | |||||
| Case report | Adult (33y, F) IgG+C+ | 1 | concomitant | Bilateral pneumonia | Steroids, tocilizumab | Resolved | Trasnfusion, steroids, rituximab | Remisson | Jacobs et al., Transfusion 2021 (34) |